Basil C. H. Harvey 235 
and the same cells again become ferment cells. This process is com- 
pleted by six and a half months after operation. After that the gastric 
glands next to duodenal glands at the anastomosis do not differ materially 
from those remote from it. This is a transformation of cells, not a 
replacement. Cells were found containing both mucus and zymogen. 
Many parietal cells enlarge; many become vacuolated. The number of 
cells with an affinity for chromic acid salts is considerably increased, 
especially within a week after the operation. 
When a new pylorus was formed in the fundus region of the stomach 
by gastroenterostomy, the glands around it did not show any permanent 
changes indicative of their assumption of the character of pyloric glands. 
When the pylorus was occluded also, the pyloric glands did not show 
any tendency to assume the characters of fundus glands. 
The gastric glands tend to retain their normal characters even under 
the influence of changed external conditions. If they undergo trans- 
formations in response to the action of such changed conditions, they 
tend later to resume their original characters. But they do not always 
do so. Metaplasia of gastric glandular epithelium has been observed to 
a considerable extent in various conditions, mostly pathological. 
Since cells very highly specialized may undergo such transformations, 
the term “specific” must be applied to them with care, and only after 
prolonged study by the experimental method. 
AUTHORS CONSULTED. 
BarD, L., 98.—La spécificite cellulaire, ses conséquences en Biologie générale. 
Scientia, Série Biologique. I. Evereux, Imprimerie de Charles Héris- 
sey. 
BENSLEY, R. R., 96.—The Histology and Physiology of the Gastric Glands. 
Proc. Canad. Inst. Toronto, I, 11-16. 
98.—The Structure of the Mammalian Gastric Glands. Quart. J. Micr. 
Sc., Lond., N. S., XLI, 361-89. 
— oo.— The Msophageal Glands of Urodela, Biol. Bull., Boston, II, No. 3, 
87-104. 
— o2.—The Cardiac Glands of Mammals, Am. J. Anat., Baltimore, II, 
105-56. 
—— o3.—The Structure of the Glands of Brunner. The Decennial Publica- 
tions of the University of Chicago, X, 279-326. 
—— o4.—Stomach. Reference Handbook of Medical Science, VII, Wm. 
Wood & Co., N. Y. 
BIZZOZERO, G., 93.—Ueber die Schlauchformigen Driisen des Magendarmkanals 
und die Beziehungen ihres Epithels zu dem Oberflachenepithel der 
Schleimhaut. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bonn, XLII, 82-152. 
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