32 Journal of Comparative Neurology. 



by ideas) of a beneficent character ; while a general exclusive- 

 ness or contraction of features is allied with emotions excited 

 by maleficent expressions ; the object of one class of move- 

 ments being to court and receive, and of the other to avoid and 

 reject." " Pleasurable and painful sensations from without de- 

 termine, then, the form which the muscles called into action 

 assume ; the purpose being to protect the organs. Similar 

 muscular changes arise from the emotions, according as they 

 are pleasurable or painful, in consequence of the harmony be- 

 tween mental and bodily acts." 



The existence of impulses of the most recondite and adap- 

 tive sorts need not be denied, nor can it be doubted that these 

 reflexly contribute to the emotional element. It must be 

 urged, however, that emotion, strictly speaking, is subjective 

 and must not be identified with its bodily occasions or results. 

 The practical problem is to acquire control over the conditions. 



The transition from emotion to sentiment is imperceptible. 

 Joy and sorrow are sentiments growing oiA of pleasure and dis- 

 pleasure, and these have their counterparts in sense gratifica- 

 tion. Conjugal love is the sentiment of which passion is the 

 emotion, for which erotic excitement may afford one sensational 

 basis. 



The rhythmical flux of the feelings is explained by physio- 

 logical oscillations. In the morning, when the current of life 

 is full, emotions are not easily awakened. A morning audience 

 is not a responsive or emotional one. The processes of nutri- 

 tion exert a powerful effect. Physiological acme, like puberty, 

 and the climacteric, predispose to emotions. The early devel- 

 opment of the sensational element of emotion and its prepon- 

 derance in the lower animals has been thought to imply that 

 feelings are prior to cognitions. A more just analysis recog- 

 nizes the psychical element of emotion as essentially intellec- 

 tual, and abandons the attempt to secure a serial relation of the 

 " faculties." 



