6 Journal of Comparative Neurology. 



We may profitably pause to compare the above statement 

 with Kulpe's analysis. This author recognizes the fact that 

 there seems to be a constant relation between circulatory and 

 other somatic changes and the feelings so that the former may 

 be used as a measure of the latter. Dynamometer, sphygmo- 

 graph, pneumatograph, and plethysmograph, all assist in esti- 

 mating the feelings. Under pleasurable excitations the volun- 

 tary muscular action is enhanced and diminished under pain. 

 The pulse becomes stronger without being more frequent in 

 pleasure. The reverse is true during painful emotion, though 

 after-effects complicate the matter. During pleasurable emo- 

 tion the volume of respiration increases and the diameter of 

 the superficial capillaries is increased. 



Kiilpe concludes that an increased excitabiHty of the sen- 

 sory and motor regions of the cerebrum form constant accom- 

 paniments of pleasure. Study of the exaltation states of mania 

 and the depression of melancholia leads to the belief that the 

 sole physiological equivalent of pleasure is the dilation of the 

 cortical capillaries, and that of pain is their occlusion. 



Three theories of the origin of the feelings are recognized: 

 I, the tcleological; 2, the theory oi peripheral origin; 3, t/ie theory 

 of central ofigin. The first is simply an application of evolu- 

 tion to the problem in hand. It recognizes all normal physio- 

 logical processes as the product of selection and inheritance. 

 However, such a theory in its general form is far from affording 

 a detailed explanation of the origin of feelings. The second 

 theory applies only to sensory feelings and affords only analo- 

 gies for the intellectual. 



The author's theory above indicated that feelings are due 

 to the state of excitability of the cortex and the latter to the 

 blood supply is more inclusive than the two special theories of 

 Meynert and Wundt. The latter derives feeling from the reac- 

 tion of apperception upon sensation. Meynert seeks the cause 

 in the nutritive states. In pleasure there is functional hyperae- 

 mia and an altered state of the cell protoplasm, while pain pro- 

 duces ansemia and degraded nutrition. In the latter case trans- 

 lation of the stimuli is impeded and we have, as a result, sum- 



