4 Journal of Comparative Neurology. 



ion to the theory, however, is worthy of special notice. Mr. 

 Marshall does not believe that reproduced images of pleasures 

 or pains similar to reproductions of sensation occur. A pleas- 

 ant sensation may be revived or a painful one but not the pain 

 or pleasure alone. 



We remark here that, on the other hand, reproduced sensa- 

 tions are prone to produce present pains or pleasures to a very 

 exalted degree. One sees a train passing and has all the acute 

 emotional disturbance accompanying being thrown under the 

 wheels. 



The next step is to show that pleasure-pain cannot be 

 identified with the emotions. "Emotions -are the relatively 

 fixed psychoses (instinct-feelings) coincident with correspond- 

 ingly fixed coordinations of instinctive activities arising upon 

 the presentation of determinate objective conditions." 



If the definition helps little we are aided by a list including 

 joy, dread, relief, love, fear, anger, surprise, etc. 



Marshall admits that great physiological changes accom- 

 pany emotions, quoting with approbation James' statement : 

 "The bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exist- 

 ing fact, and our feeling of the same as they occur is the emo- 

 tion, " but seeks to avoid the idea thatemotion is caused by the 

 expression. Mr. Marshall cannot reconcile pleasure-pain with 

 this definition of emotion. Emotions require no such percep- 

 tion. He suggests three possibilities : 



A. Pleasure-pain may be fundamental — the basis of all 

 psychic life out of which others have risen by development. 



B. They may be elements stn genefis. 



C. They may be quales, special qualities common to all 

 mental phenomena. 



Horwicz supports the first in his PsycJiologische Analysen 

 but does not succeed in tracing the line of evolution convinc- 

 ingly. It is apparent that " Gefiihl" must be extended much 

 as Spencer has extended feelings in order to adapt it to such a 

 theory. Compare Ziegler, " Das Gefiihl. " The second theory 

 is practically an abandonment of the attempt to analyse feelings 

 and has no support from the physiological standpoint. Wundt 



