4. The Cephalic Veins and Sinuses of Reptiles 
PAR Fikst. 
THE CEPHALIC VEINS AND SINUSES OF REPTILES (SAURIA, 
OPHIDIA, AND TESTUDINATA). 
The literature dealing with the cephalic veins of the Reptilia has been 
reviewed by Grosser and Brezina, 95, and does not require special con- 
sideration here. Through the investigations of these authors and the 
earlier work of Bojanus, 19-21, Rathke, 39, 48, and Corti, 41, it has been 
shown that the primitive arrangement of the cephalic veins of reptiles 
includes a median dorsal vein, a longitudinal vein on each side of the 
head, and three transverse veins which connect the dorsal and lateral 
veins on each side (compare Text Fig. 1). The relations of these veins 
may be more definitely stated as follows: 
1. The median vein, vena longitudinalis cerebri, is an intracranial 
vessel which runs along the dorsal aspect of the brain, from the olfactory 
lobes to the foramen magnum. It lies close to the cranial wall and is 
enclosed in the dura mater. 
2. The paired longitudinal vein, vena jugularis interna, is formed by 
the union of the orbital veins. It is an extracranial vein which runs 
along the side of the brain case and below the roots of the cranial nerves. 
In the neck the vein accompanies the vagus nerve and the carotid artery. 
3. The anterior transverse vein, vena cerebralis anterior, begins at the 
epiphysis and runs ventrad in the furrow between the forebrain and 
midbrain. It discharges into the vena jugularis interna a short distance 
behind the orbit. 
4. The second transverse vein, vena cerebralis media, arises from the 
vena longitudinalis cerebri on the dorsal aspect of the cerebellum. In 
the Sauria it leaves the cranium through the foramen trigemini and 
joins the vena jugularis interna just outside of the skull. 
5. The third transverse vein, vena cerebralis posterior, begins at the 
dorsal margin of the foramen magnum, where it is formed, along with 
its fellow, by the bifurcation of the vena longitudinalis cerebri. The 
vena cerebralis posterior leaves the cranial cavity through the lateral 
part of the foramen magnum and bends directly laterad to join the vena 
jugularis interna. 
According to Grosser and Brezina the primitive relations just described 
occur in earlier embryonic stages of lizards, snakes, and turtles. In the 
adult forms these relations are variously modified in the different orders, 
as shown in the more detailed accounts which follow. I begin with the 
Sauria, which have been more thoroughly studied than the other groups. 
