398 Duplicate Twins and Double Monsters 



Classified List of Composite Monsters. 



I. DOUBLE MONSTERS IN WHICH THE COMPONENTS, OR COMPONENT 

 PARTS, ARE EQUAL TO AND THE SYMMETRICAL EQUIVALENTS 

 OF ONE ANOTHER. DIPLOPAGI. 



These forms show, wholly or in part, two duplicate components, which are 

 the equivalents of one another in size and development, i. e., homo-dynamous; 

 and are symmetrically placed as equivalent halves of the composite body of 

 which they form a part. Occasionally, through lack of space, limbs and other 

 parts which lie upon the inner aspect of the components, near the line of 

 fusion, become more or less suppressed in their development, which may lead 

 secondarily to a lack of complete symmetry in this region. (Exs. Osborne's 

 calf, Blanche Dumas; v. infra.) 



1. Each of the Two Components Complete or NearlY' So. 



Cases included under this division, of which the Siamese twins form a noted 

 example, are plainly duplicate twins, in every respect like normal ones, but 

 with a slight bond of connection uniting them, the position of which may 

 vary but which is so placed as always to arrange the components symmetri- 

 cally with reference to it, i. e., the bond is confluent with each twin at the 

 same spot anatomically, but, when other than median, the connection is with 

 the right side of one and the left side of the other. The components possess 

 the same degree of physical identity as is seen in normal duplicates. 



a. Connection in or near the sternal region, usually median, so that the 

 components stand face to face, sometimes more lateral. Thoracopagi. 

 Type: Siamese twins, "Chang-Eng"; male; born in Siam, 1811. Exam- 

 ined at Harvard University in 1829, by Warren. Exhibited throughout the 

 United States and several European countries (exhibition forbidden in Prance 

 on account of the possible influence upon pregnant women!). Finally settled 

 in North Carolina as farmers, under the name of Bunker. Both married. 

 Chang had six children and Eng flve, all normal. They died, almost simul- 

 taneously, in 1874. 



Other cases: 



1. Hindoo sisters, described by Dr. Andrew Berry, 1821. 



2. Newport (Ky.) sisters, Austin Medical Gazette, 1832. 



3. Orissa (India) sisters, " Radica-Doodica," b. 1887. 



4. Arasoor (India) sisters (mentioned by Gould and Pyle, p. 171). 



5. Two sisters spoken of by Swingler; operated upon and both lived. 



6. Swiss sisters, " Marie-Adele," b. 1881. Separated at age of five months, 



but both died. 



6. Connection by the heads, in various regions, usually median. Cranio- 

 pagi. Type: Geoffrey St. Hilaire's case. Two sisters, b. 1495 and lived to 

 the age of ten; joined at foreheads, otherwise entirely normal; when one 

 died an unsuccessful attempt was made to separate the other. 



Other cases: 



1. Daubenton's case. Union was at occiput; farther details fail. 



2. St. Petersburg case. 1885. " So united that the nose of one, if pro- 



longed, would strike the ear of the other." This description is 

 hardly clear, and at first thought appears to violate the law of 



