36 'Journal of Coinparative Neurology and Psychology. 



This stretching to full length, combined with the reduction in girth 

 due to appression of the feathers, makes the bird look ghastly thin. 

 The stretching is usually upward and forward, but not always so; 

 for when intervening objects partly obstruct the view, the dove may 

 stretch its neck backward or somewhat to one side. This goes to 

 show that the emotion of alarm depends, not upon the assumption of 

 one specific position, but upon stretching in general. 



The expression of alarm includes the utterance of a very distinct 

 cry, a cry of great utility, because it communicates the alarm to all 

 pigeons within hearing. This cry of alarm is a single, short, em- 

 phatic note. Its chief characteristic is its emphasis, and it becomes 

 more and more emphatic with greater degrees of the emotion. Its 

 emphasis depends upon the fact that it is evidently made with effort. 

 If the birds are much startled, and not sitting on the nest (which 

 would have the effect of making them more quiet), they, give a loud 

 sound which reaches a hi2;h key, thus: 



^ ye - 1 



Short and vehement ; abrupt rise and abrupt fall. Timber : chest-tone. 



ha I 



Rate: 4 crotchets per second. A clarinet tone. Beginning abrupt, loud, ex- 

 plosive. Fall in pitch abrupt. 



With a less-alarming stimulus, the note is less loud, and lower in 

 pitch, with less rise and fall, thus : 



