40 



'Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology. 



The ordinary-kali is less loud than the other. It is shorter and 

 quicker, more brisk, consisting of only 4 to 6 notes, rarely only 3, 

 and these notes typically staccato. The pitch is in some cases sus- 

 tained without alteration through all the notes ; when there is any 

 change in pitch it is not of the wailing, chromatic type which char- 

 acterizes the kah-of-excitement, but it is of a bright and cheery sort. 

 Here are some typical examples of the music of the ordinary-kah. 



No. 7. 



^^ 



No.e. 



9. 



i^m 



a 



^ 



{II) The hah-of -excitement. — The ordinary-kah passes by all 

 possible gradations and by numerous variations into that general type 

 which I have named the kah-of-excitement. The kah-of-excitement, 

 or an approach to it, is given in sundry situations of which I shall 

 try to give a general description in three groups (a), (b), (c). (a) 

 The kah-of-excitement is given at the same conjunctures as is the 

 ordinary-kah, if only there be more excitement than common, due 

 either to outward circumstances or to the bird's o^vn inward state. 

 Aw instance of outward circumstances occasioning excitement, may 

 be found in some cases of a bird going to relieve its mate of duty 

 on the nest. At this conjuncture, in ordinary cases, the bird gives 

 the ordinary-kah ; but if it finds the mate unwilling to leave the nest 

 and stubbornly opposing the change, it may give a more excited kah. 

 As to causes of excitement within the bird itself, in general it may 

 l)e said that the ordinary-kah is given more by the female, the kah- 

 of-excitement by the male ; the ordinary utterance in winter, the 

 excited utterance in the breeding-season ; and, within the breeding- 

 season, the ordinary fonn on days when the birds are quietly incu- 

 bating or brooding, the excited form on days when they are pairing, 

 or preparing for a new brood, or when, though incubating or brooding, 

 they are disturbed by the presence of other birds, (b) The kah- 

 of-excitement is used under the same circumstances with the charge, 

 which is to be described presently. The cry may be given before. 



