Craig, Expressions of Emotion in Pigeons. 



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chiring, or after tlie charge, or it may be given independently of the 

 movement. It is sounded both in charging an enemy and in charging 

 the female, (c) The kah-of-excitement often serves as a prelude 

 to the boAving-coo. In some cases, this use is not to be distinguished 

 from (b), the bowing-coo being preceded not only by the kah, but 

 also by the charge. But in other cases, when the bowing-coo is not 

 connected wdth a fight or a chase, but arises from a sudden inward 

 impulse to express the feelings, it may be preceded by a kah-of-excite- 

 ment unaccompanied by the charge, the apparent use of the kah being 

 merely to introduce the bowing-coo. 



The sound of the kah-of-excitement is far different from the gentle 

 tone of the ordinary-kah ; it is a strain expressive of high emotion 

 and tense effort. The excited utterance differs from the ordinary 

 in much the same way that the wdiining tone of an angry child differs 

 from the child's ordinary speech. The details of the change causing 

 this heightened expression are not always the same, but I shall de- 

 scril)e what seems to Ix^ most characteristic in the cases of the indi- 

 viduals that I have studied. The kah-of-excitement is nearly ahvays 

 of longer duration than the ordinary sound; it consists commonly 

 of 5 or 6 notes, sometimes as many as 10, and the notes are, in some 

 individuals, long drawn out. The effect is usually legato, in contrast 

 with the staccato of the ordinar>'-kah. The sound is louder than the 

 ordinary-kah, and the pitch higher, the loudness and pitch rising 

 with each rise in excitement. The strain always descends in pitch 

 toward the close ; it generally rises at the beginning, culminates some- 

 what before the middle, and then descends ; but in some cases it begins 

 with the highest pitch, maintains it for two or three notes, and then 

 descends. The changes in pitch are usually chromatic, the interval 

 from one note to the next being a semitone or even a fraction of a 

 semitone ; this is one of the chief causes of the emotional, wailing 

 expression. 



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