CocHiLi., Tlic Reaction to Tactile Stimuli. 103 



velops ill a rcgulai- order out of (lio lallcr, (he luovciiicnls iliemselves, 

 which conform to this order, can have no selective value. The 

 question naturally follows whether in forms which do not admit of 

 such early experiments, such as birds, many quadrupeds and primates, 

 the various forms of locomotion, as w(dl as otlun* forms of behavior, 

 which, in a greater or less degree, appear to develop out of a series 

 of trials, may not conform to the same law. It seems altogether pos- 

 sible that in such cases, also, the so-called erratic movements may 

 have only a trophic value. As such they would be essential to the 

 perfecting of movements, but would have no directive value in the 

 development of responses. 



If, moreover, this hypothesis is valid for the ontogenetic origin 

 and development of instinctive behavior it would seem plausible, 

 also, as a theory of phylogenetic development. Its application to 

 phylogenesis, though, would clearly be in opposition to the idea, 

 which is accepted by various psychologists, that instinctive behavior 

 has somehow been reflected back into the race from the intelligent 

 tyjie, — or psychologically expressed, that instinct is a phylogenetic 

 derivative of intelligence. For the latter hypothesis, I am not aware 

 that there is any direct, experimental proof, while we do see, in such 

 A^ertebrates as Amphibia which admit of early experimentation, 

 instinctive behavior (locomotion) developing directly out of the 

 simplest known reflex. However, while we seem to have a definite 

 conception of the psychic parallel of the former (instinct), the con- 

 cept of the psychic parallel of the latter is much less definite, and 

 largely disregarded by psychologists. Yet it would seem that in the 

 ontogenetic developments of the psychic life of Diemyctylus there 

 must be puite as definite a reflex-psychosis concomitant with the earli- 

 est and simplest reflex as there is an instinct-psychosis with the later 

 instinctive behavior in the form, for example, of locomotion ; for, 

 although the neuroses of the simple reflex are evidently not as 

 elaborate as are those of locomotion, they are quite as definite in form. 

 But, however this hypothesis of the relation of the instinct to the 

 reflex may appeal to the psychologist, an adequate knowledge of the 

 behavior of Diemyctj^lus must take into account the origin and de- 

 velopment of locomotion from the simple reflex; for this reflex 



