290 'Journal of Coinparative Neurology and Psychology. 



and voluntary iiiotioii lie in the cord. Loel) ("1>1 ) tViuud that a dog- 

 fisli with the cord cut was no hunger able to orient itself, even though 

 it could swim oti" readily. Bethe ('00) observed no difficulty in the 

 swininiing movements of the s|)inal dogfish. Pfiiiger ('5o) and 

 Bickel ('97) took up the study of the spinal eel. The former found 

 that the eel had no difficulty in nniintaining its equilibrium and could 

 swim readily, while the latter says that the spinal eel is incapable of 

 remaining in the normal ])osition and can swim only forward. The 

 normal individual can swim in both directions. The spinal. frog has 

 been studied with great care. Pfiiiger ('53) found that the spinal 

 frog still retained its muscle tonus and could spring; Mendelssohn 

 ('82, '83, '85) found the refiexes good after section of the cord; 

 Steiner ('85) observed no change in the reactions; Schrader ('87) 

 obtained similar results. Moore and Oertel ('!)!)) found, however, 

 that the reflexes were increased, although fatigue occurred quickly, 

 Babak ('03, '05, '07) found that section of the cord in the larval frog 

 resulted in no loss of ])ower in the spinal part. In regard to mammals, 

 ])articularly man, there is a mass of experimental and clinical evi- 

 dence on the results of the separation of the spinal cord from the 

 brain. This is presented mainly by Kosenthal ('73, '84) ; Bastian 

 ('90) ; Burns ('93, 'OG) ; Rosenthal and Mendelssohn ('97) ; Senator 

 ('98) ; Brauer ('99) ; Moore and Oertel ('99) ; Walton ('02) ; Wal- 

 ton and Paul ('06), Sherringtou ('97, '00b, '05, 'OOa, '0Gb); and 

 Sherrington and Laslett ('03 ). Tn mannnals, as observed by most in- 

 vestigators, the loss of reflex i)ower is very great, often practically to- 

 tal after a break in the functional continuity of the cord and l)rain. It 

 is evident, therefore, as is ('m])hasized by Sherrington, Walton, and 

 Walton and Paul, that in the ascent of the animal scale the cord loses, 

 its power as an automatic center and becomes less and less capable of 

 responding to stimuli. 



In the fishes undei- obscrxation in these ('X])('riiiiciits no lack of the 

 power of equilibrium was ol)served. This may easily bo due to the 

 fact that the innervation of the ])ectoral fins was left intact. This 

 ])robably accounts foi- Ihc dilferent resnlts ol)laiiic(| l)y kocb and 

 Bickel. 



The greater activity and sensitiveness of the caudal jtart of the 



