Haggerty, Imitation in Monkeys. 377 



anything as to the mental processes accompanying it, I shall call 

 such behavior imitation. As I shall nse it in this paper, the word 

 imitation is a conceptual short cut to describe a complex form of 

 behavior. It always implies these things: (a) The animal v^hich 

 imitates observes an act of another animal ; (b) More or less directly 

 thereafter its behavior is modified in the direction of the act ob- 

 served; (c) This modification is usually sudden; (d) The behavior 

 is changed to a considerable degree and, when wholly successful, to 

 an exact copy of the act observed. In every case of behavior which 

 I shall call imitative, the animal had abundant opportunity to learn 

 the act by himself so that his repeating the act of the imitatee was 

 apparently due to his observation of that animal performing. 



In the case of ~^o. 3 and in the case of No. 1 in Chute Experi- 

 ment A, there was almost no evidence that the act of the performing 

 animal influenced the animal which saw. 



The case of No. 5 is unique. Before seeing another animal per- 

 form the act, she had herself done every part of the act necessary 

 to get food. The only way in which she could have been influenced 

 was by being stimulated to exert more force on the pull or by being 

 stimulated to a repetition of the act. She was not influenced in 

 the first way, but the regularity with which she went to the chute 

 after seeing the other animal get food, suggests that she was influ- 

 enced in the second way. In her habits, she was much like No. 4 and 

 No. 6, and the clear evidence for imitation in the conduct of each 

 of these animals furnishes some ground for a similar interpretation 

 of the behavior of No. 5. However, the evidence on the j)oint is 

 not conclusive and remains rather a conviction in the mind of the 

 experimenter than an established fact. 



TABLE 9. 

 Results of Chute Experiment A and Chute Experiment B. 



I. 



Number of animals used 7 



Cases of successful Imitation 3 



Cases of partially successful imitation 2 



Cases of failure to imitate 2 



