196 THE KNTOMOLOGIST. 



kept isolated from their companions languished and died, 

 not from any want of food, but, as it appeared to me, from 

 the simple fact of their not having been permitted to carry- 

 out their gregarious instincts. When the larva is full-fed all 

 outward trace of its dorsal vessel disappears ; it then enters 

 the ])upal state inside its cocoon or run : the pupa is at first 

 quite white and very tender, requiring to be touched with 

 the greatest care in order to avoid injuring it; its head a 

 short time afterwards turns pale brown, and a pale brown 

 tinge slowly spreads itself over the eyes ; after this has taken 

 place the segmental divisions on the dorsal surface of the 

 abdomen turns pale brown ; the eyes then assume a darker 

 tint, and the anal segment becomes pale brown, the eyes in 

 the interval turning quite black : on arriving at this period of 

 its pupation the wings, as seen through the puparium, have a 

 somewhat silvery look, and shortly afterwards turn pale 

 brown, as likewise do the head and thorax, deepening into a 

 darker brownish tone; the antennae and legs become darkish ; 

 and the little animal thus slowly settles down to its natural 

 colour and markings : like the imago, the pupa, excepting at 

 its very earliest stages, is very lively, and on the slightest 

 alarm wriggles its abdominal segments about furiously : all 

 being in readiness the little imago bursts forth, leaving its 

 puparium ])rojecting from its cocoon or run. The imago 

 lives for a period of about nine days. — Charles Heoly ; 74, 

 Napier Street, Hoxton, N. 



j'he Pupation of Yponomeuta Padella, Linn. — When it 

 has cou)))leted its cocoon the larva gradually passes into a 

 semi-torpid state, and eventually enters the pu])al form, the 

 larval skin being collected in a heap at the posterior ex- 

 tremity of the pupa: the pupa itself is about nine lines in 

 length ; its head and wing-cases are at first pale orange- 

 yellow; each eye has two little spots on it, one pale brown 

 and the other dusky coloured, the colour of the thorax and 

 abdominal segmenis (the last four excepted) varying from 

 whitish to yellowish green ; the four posterior segments are 

 yellow; the anal segment is furnished at its extremity 

 with a cluster of brown bristles, which enable it firmly to 

 adliere to the silk in its pupal abode ; the four posterior 

 abdominal segments turn darkish, especially the anal one ; 

 the antennae, legs and feet then give faint signs of turning to 



