156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



the male and female pupae being very widely different in all 

 respects. The male pupa is elongate and somewhat attenuated, 

 especially in the abdomen ; the head and eyes are moderately 

 large, the antennte-, leg-, and wing-cases being very conspicuous. 

 The thorax is broad and well developed, and the abdomen tapers 

 slightly towards the apex ; it has seven visible segments, the last 

 being flattened dorsally, and provided with a small sharp spine 

 on the ventral surface close to the extremity. In colour the pupa 

 is dark chestnut-brown, inclining to black on the head and wing- 

 cases; the posterior margins of the abdominal segments are 

 black, the terminal ones being lighter than the rest ; there are 

 also a few obscure yellowish spots on the breast of the pupa. 

 The edges of the posterior articulations are furnished with a 

 double row of very fine but stiff bristles on the dorsal surface. 

 Length about seven lines. The female pupa is much larger and 

 cylindrical in shape, the abdomen occupying nearly the whole of 

 the body ; it possesses nine visible segments, the terminal one 

 being obtusely conical. The head and thorax are very rudimental, 

 more resembling those of the larva than the male, all the 

 appendages being, however, reduced to hardly visible warts. In 

 colour it is pitchy black and shining, the head and thorax being 

 obscurely cinereous, and the two terminal divisions of the 

 abdomen ruddy yellow ; the edges of all the segments on the 

 dorsal surface are slightly dentate. Length about ten lines. 



This insect remains in the pupa state during the summer 

 months, viz., from May till September. When about to emerge, 

 the male chrysalis w^orks his way down to the end of the case, 

 forcing open the old aperture there, and projecting the head, 

 thorax, and upper portion of the abdomen, the pupa being 

 secured from falling by the spines on its posterior segments, 

 which retain a firm hold in the silk. The anterior portion then 

 ruptures, and the moth makes its escape, clinging to the outside 

 of its old habitation and drying its wings. It is probable that 

 the female insect does not leave her case, communication with 

 the male being no doubt effected through one of the orifices, and 

 the eggs afterwards deposited inside.* On one occasion I found 

 a case full of eggs, containing the shrivelled body of the female 



* For details of copulation and figures of genitalia iu the allied American bag- or 

 basket-worm (Thyridopteryx ephemermformis. Haw.), see Eiley's description in Sci. 

 Am., Suppl., April iird, 1878, and Proc. Bi. Soc. Washington, ii., pp. 80-83, — E. A. F. 



