1921] Crampton: Sclerites of the Head 85 
with its endite (the galea) and the stipes, with its endite (the lacinia) 
correspond to the third and second segments of a crustacean mouthpart 
limb (which also bear endites in Gammarus’ maxilliped), and the cardo 
corresponds to the basal segment of such a crustacean mouthpart-limb. 
A basistipes, ‘pst,’ is demarked in the basal region of the stipes, 
“‘sti,’’ of the Dermapteron shown in Fig. 7, and if one compares the 
entire stipes region, bearing the labels ‘‘eus’’ and “‘pas”’ in Fig. 10, of 
_ a blattid, with the region labeled “‘pst’’ in Fig. 7, it should be clear to 
anyone that the small basal area, ‘“‘pst,’’ of Fig. 7 is not the entire 
stipital region ‘‘eus”’ and ‘‘pas”’ of Fig. 10—which may be taken as the 
basis for comparison with the higher forms. Similarly, when one com- 
pares the maxilla of a primitive Coleopteron, such as that shown in 
Fig. 4, with the maxilla of the Dermapteron (earwig) shown in Fig. 7, it 
should be perfectly evident that the latero-basal area, ‘‘pst’’ of the 
stipes of the beetles maxilla (Fig. 4) is in every way homologous with 
the latero-basal area, ‘‘pst,”’ of the stipes of the earwig’s maxilla (Fig. 7). 
On this account, it is quite incorrect to term the area ‘‘pst”’ the ‘‘stipes”’ 
in beetles (Figs. 4, 3, etc.), as is done by coleopterists in general. In 
fact, if one compares the maxilla of the beetles shown in Figs 4, etc., 
with that of the beetle shown in Fig. 1, in which the stipes, ‘‘sti,”’ is 
retained in a condition more nearly approaching that typical of the 
lower insects, it is at once apparent that the small area, ‘‘pst,’’ of the 
beetle shown in Fig. 4 cannot possibly be homologized with the entire 
area, ‘“‘sti,’’ of the beetle shown in Fig. 1, and since the area ‘‘pst’’ of 
Fig. 4 evidently represents a basal subdivision of the entire stipes, it 
has been referred to as the basistipes in the present paper. A basi- 
stipes, ‘‘pst,’’ is demarked frorn the stipial region only in certain 
Coleoptera (Fig. 4) and Dermaptera (Fig. 7) so far as I am aware, 
and the presence of this peculiar subdivision of the stipes in the Cole- 
optera and Dermaptera alone, would add further support to the view 
that the Coleoptera are extremely closely related to the Dermaptera— 
which is borne out by the study of numerous other structural details as 
well. 
In the Dermapteron shown in Fig. 7, the palpifer, “pfr,’”’ is clearly 
demarked from the stipes, but the palpifer is not closely associated with 
the galea, ‘‘dg,’’ in this insect, as is the case with the larva shown in 
Fig. 23. On the other hand, if one compares the larval Neuropteron 
shown in Fig. 23, with the larval Coleopteron shown in Fig. 27, it will 
be noted that the palparium or palpifer, ‘‘ds,’’ which bears the galea, 
““ga,’’ is slender, and resembles a basal segment of the palpus in both 
of these insects, thus adding further support to the view that the Cole- 
optera are very closely related to the Neuroptera (as well as to the 
Dermaptera). The Coleoptera are anatomically intermediate between 
the Dermaptera on the one side and the Neuroptera on the other, and, 
strange to say, an adult Coleopteron is, as a rule, more like a Dermap- 
teron in structure than it is like a Neuropteron, while a larval 
Coleopteron is usually more like a larval Neuropteron in structure 
(although in some features larval Coleoptera are very like immature 
Dermaptera also). 
