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The Entomological Society of America 



Volume IX JUNE, 1 9 1 6 Number 2 



BREEDING HABITS OF THE ORTHOPTERA. 



Clarence L. Turner. 



CONTENTS. ■ p.-^GE 



1. Introduction 117 



2. Movements preliminary to copulation. Sex discrimination 118 



3. Copulation 122 



4. Specialized and simple types of behaviour during reproduction 127 



5. All attempt to classify the Orthoptera by their reproductive behaviour. . . 128 



6. Summary 134 



7. Literature list 135 



INTRODUCTION.* 



The Orthoptera are the most primitive insects according to 

 Palaeontological evidence. During the early Carboniferous 

 period the insect fauna was composed entirely of the ancestors 

 of this group, and during the latter part of the period the 

 members of this stock far outnumbered that of any other order 

 of insects. Fossil evidence proves that many of the primitive 

 types are represented at the present by species that, in spite of 

 the long intervening periods, have changed but little. New 

 types have arisen, however, until the Orthoptera as they are 

 now classified vary widely in their structure and habits, some 

 being adapted to living in trees, others for life upon bushes and 

 grass, others for cave and burrowing life and still others becom- 

 ing social parasites, living in the nests of ants and obtaining 

 their food from their hosts. As adaptations for the various 

 modes of life have taken place certain phases of behaviour have 

 kept pace and now present as many aspects as the varied 

 structures and habits of the insects themselves. 



*The writer is indebted to Dr. A. S. Pearse, of the University of Wisconsin, for 

 constant supervision of the work, to Dr. Wm. S. Marshal for suggestions and refer- 

 ences to literature and to Mr. R. A. Muttkowski for a critical reading of the paper. 



117 



