216 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IX, 



Beauregard (1885) saw a layer of large hypodermal cells 

 beneath the chitin in sections through the articulations of the 

 legs of Meloe. He imagines that these large cells are gland cells. 



De Bono (1889) believes that the discharged liquid from 

 Timarcha is a glandular secretion. 



Porta (1903) says that the discharge of the secretion from 

 Coccinella, Timarcha and Meloe is caused by a reflex phenom- 

 enon brought about by any excitement. The liquid is secreted 

 by a glandular follicle in the reticulum formed from the fibers 

 of connective tissue, situated in the wall of the middle intestine. 

 The liquid has an acrid reaction, and it is perhaps only a bile 

 secretion. He gives three reasons why this liquid is not blood: 

 (1) It is inadmissible that insects should constantly pass such 

 an important fluid; (2) after a prolonged excitation the liquid 

 ceases to exude; and (3) it has an acrid reaction while we know 

 that blood in all animals has an alkaline reaction. He fails to 

 explain how this secretion reaches the exterior from where it is 

 produced. 



Berlese (1909) seems to think that the discharged liquid 

 from Meloe is a mixture of blood and a secretion from hypo- 

 dermal glands. In a diagram showing the anatomy of the leg 

 at the femoro-tibial articulation, he figures a receptacle for 

 containing the blood and shows how the blood is ejected through 

 an aperture at this place in the leg. He also shows unicellular 

 glands lying just beneath the hypodermis on both sides of the 

 articulation. Each gland cell is almost spherical, has a con- 

 spicuous nucleus and a central vesicle, the ampulla, from which 

 runs the efferent tube through the hypodermis and chitin to the 

 exterior. These gland cells are like the ones without reservoirs 

 described by the present writer. 



Of those who believe that the discharged liquid is a glandular 

 secretion, only Beauregard and Berlese have studied sections 

 passing through the femoro-tibial articulations. Berlese is the 

 only one who has actually found gland cells at this place in the 

 legs. His receptacle for containing the blood is perhaps the 

 same as the special chamber described by the present writer. 

 Since Leydig did not see an aperture in the articular membranes 

 of Timarcha, Coccinella and Meloe, and as the articular mem- 

 brane of Epilachna does not contain any aperture, it would seem 

 that the aperture described by Berlese was only an artificial 



