1916] Reflex ' ' Bleeding ' ' of Epilachna 217 



opening in the chitin made when the material was sectioned. 

 The present writer has examined the femoro-tibial articulations 

 of the meloid beetles, Cysteodemus armatus and Epicauta penn- 

 sylvamca. The specimens were first treated with caustic potash 

 and then the chitinous integuments were bleached with chlorine 

 gas. No apertures were seen in or near the articular membranes, 

 but mnumerable, almost transparent, minute tubes were 

 observed in and around the articular membranes. Minute 

 gland pores were also seen widely distributed over the entire 

 mtegument as described for Epilachna. 



A survey of the literature pertaining to hypodermal glands 

 shows that these glands vary much in structure. 



As far as ascertained by the writer, Hoffbauer (1892) is the 

 only one who has described hypodermal glands having reser- 

 voirs in the chitin. These are found in the elytra of Tetropium 

 and Halyzia. The reservoir belonging to the gland in the former 

 species IS nothing more than a much expanded efferent canal 

 through which the secretion passes to the exterior. The reser- 

 voir in the latter species is similar to that in Epilachna, except 

 Its efferent tube is a wide canal. In Halyzia the elongated cells 

 stand vertically to the chitin with their narrower ends uniting 

 with the mouths of the reservoirs. These gland cells have no 

 ampullae nor conducting tubes. 



Tower (1903) found simple and compound hypodermal 

 glands widely distributed in the elytra of Leptinotarsa, Prionus 

 and Orthosoma, but they do not have ampulla, conducting tubes 

 nor chitinous reservoirs. These gland cells stand more or less 

 vertically to the chitin with their extremely attenuated per- 

 ipheral ends in contact with the mouths of minute pores. 



Casper (1913) found hypodermal glands widely distributed 

 over the entire body surface and appendages of Dytiscus mar- 

 gtnahs. In structure they are similar to the ones without 

 reservoirs described in this paper. 



Lehr (1914) found hypodermal glands widely distributed in 

 the elytra and wings of Dytiscus marginalis. In structure they 

 are similar to those without reservoirs described by the present 

 writer, except they are much larger. 



