1916] Reflex " Bleeding" of Epilachna 223 



Fig. 1. Femoro-tibial articulation of hind leg, showing groups a and b of hypo- 

 dermal gland pores, 3 olfactory pores (olp), a hypodermal gland pore 

 (p) at base of each hair, and articular membrane (arlm) containing 

 hypodermal gland pores (represented by white dots). 



Fig. 2.. Hairs and pores on first tarsal joint. Oblique view. 



Fig. 3. Hairs and pores on fourth tarsal joint. 



Fig. 4. Nine pores from group b on femur. Oblique view. 



Fig. 5. Nine pores from group a on tibia. Slightly oblique view. 



Fig. 6. Hairs and pores from tergum of prothorax. 



Fig. 7. Hairs and pores from elytron, near base. 



Fig. 8. Chitinous tubes connected with pores, seen by looking through articular 

 chitin. 



Figs. 9 to 12 inclusive are cross sections, showing structure of hypodermal glands 

 having reservoirs in old Epilachna borealis. 



Figs. 9 and 10. Complete hypodermal gland cells, showing the nucleus (nuc), 

 nucleoli (nucl), cytoplasm (cyl), ampulla (am), conducting tube (c), 

 pore canal (pc), reservoir (r), and efferent tube (e). Fig. 9 is from thick 

 portion of outer margin of elytron, and Pig. 10 is from proximal end 

 of tibia. 



Fig. 11. Gland pore and tactile hair (ihr) pore from distal end of femur. 



Fig. 12. Oblique superficial section through tibia, treated with caustic potash 4 

 hours, showing that efferent tubes (e) and conducting tubes (c) are 

 chitinous. 



Figs. 13 to 17 inclusive are cross sections, showing origin of gland 

 cells and conducting tubes of type having reservoirs in recently emerged 

 beetles. 



Fig. 13. Four hypodermal cells, one of which (he) is about ready to change into 

 a gland cell. 



Fig. 14. Two hypodermal cells, one of whicli (g/c) is now enlarged into a gland cell. 



Fig. 15. Three young gland cells, one of which is sending out a process (pr) to 

 form conducting tube. Figs. 14 to 16 are from a beetle emerged 1 hour. 



Fig. 16. Three young gland cells from thick portion of elytron. One of these 

 (glc) seems fully developed. 



Fig. 17. Young gland cells from proximal end of tibia sending out processes (pr) 

 to form conducting tubes. Figs. 17 and 18 are from beetles emerged 

 24 hours. 



Figs. 18 and 19 are cross sections through articular membranes, 

 showing type of glands without reservoirs. 



Fig. 18. Conducting tubes (ci) and gland cells (glci) without reservoirs, and 2 

 gland cells (glc) belonging to type having reservoirs from an old beetle. 



Fig. 19. Origin of gland cells (glci) without reservoirs from hypodermal cells 

 (hnuc). Also conducting tubes (ci) and 2 gland cells (glc) with reser- 

 voirs from beetle emerged 1 hour. 



Fig. 20. Cross section through extreme proximal end of tibia of hind leg, showing 

 anatomy of leg, including tactile hairs (thr), olfactory pore (olp), gland 

 cells (glc), membrane (hi) dividing lumen of leg into two chambers, 

 blood sinuses (bs), etc. The section is 5 microns thick and is from a 

 beetle that had been kept in the laboratory all summer. 



Fig. 21. Diagram of a section through femoro-tibial articulation, showing anat- 

 omy of leg at this place, including gland cells (glc) belonging to the two 

 groups of pores on tibia (tb), gland cells belonging to the two groups on 

 femur (/), and gland cells (glci) without reservoirs, etc. The femur (/) 

 is cut longitudinally, but the tibia (tb) is cut across obliquely. 



