270 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. IX, 



Scudder, S. H. Butterflies of Eastern United States. 2: 1602-1604. Cambridge. 

 1SS9. Postures at rest and asleep. At sleep the wings are packed away into 

 smaller compass, with the exception of some Hesperidi; the wings erect back 

 to back, the forewings slide down behind the hind pair so that only the latter 

 and the apex of the front edge of the former are visible. One observation of a 

 European Thais asleep in confinement with spread wings. There is more 

 variety in the position of antennas; some like Satyrinas sleep with these spread 

 wide, others tuck them between the wings, and others bring them together 

 beside the front edge of the wings the clubs appearing beyond as if crowded 

 out liy the tight shutting of the wings. 



Severin, H. H. P., H. C. Severin and B. S. Hartung. The ravages, life history, 

 etc., of the melonfly, Dacus cucurhitce. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 7: 191. 1914. 

 Feeds from sunrise to ten o'clock, but during the hottest part of the day 

 thousands may be found at rest under large leaves of plants in or near an 

 infested field of cucurbits. 



Shepheard-Walwyn, Entomologist 36: 201. pi. 3. 1903. The resting position of 

 the moth, Plusia moneta is most striking as it hangs by its two front legs, 

 stretching them out to their fullest extent. 



Sladen, F. W. L. The humble-bee, p. 63, 267-268. 1912. A humble-bee is usually 

 in an animated state, abdomen pulsating, head held erect and antennae pointing 

 at attention, but occasionally a queen is found resting on a flower with her 

 head hanging down and antennae resting on her face, evidently indulging in a 

 "nap, for she awakes with a start when disturbed. Before the cares of mother- 

 hood have come upon her the queen is very fond of dropping off to sleep in the 

 warm sunshine or in the newly found nest. Psithyus, the usurper-bee, becomes 

 a temporary lodger in the nest of Bombus, returning to it for meals and to 

 spend the night. 



Slevogt, . Haben Insekten Ortsinn? Soc. Ent. 19: 37. Aeschna has permanent 



night quarters. (Not seen.) 



Soule, C. G. Sound?Aee-poi Lycaena americana. Psyche 5: 42. 1888. She observed 

 in the vacant Jots about Boston "that as one side of the street grew shady 

 toward sunset L. americana might be seen clinging to grass blades with wings 

 somewhat drooped, suggesting that the muscles were somewhat relaxed by 

 'sleep." One was carried on a grass stem five blocks undisturbed. Later 

 experiments always found the butterfly in the same position more than half 

 way up the grass-blade, head up, wings drooped to an acute instead of a right 

 angle with the body. 



Stiles, C. W. (Discussion.) Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 4: 27. 1896. It is difificult 

 to conceive of the sleep of a tape- worm, Oxyurus; yet it undoubtedly has long 

 periods of rest and is active in the evening. Many protozoa are still for a 

 long time; Acalephs have also a resting period; in necrobiosis sleep may last 

 for eight or ten years. 



Tonge, A. E. Resting attitudes of Lepidoptera. Proc. S. Lond. Ent. vSoc. 1909: 

 5-8. PI. 2-3. 



Turner, C. H. Literature for 1914 on the Behavior of Spiders and Insects. Journ. 

 Anim. Beh. 5: 439. 1915. Reviews Beutel-Reepen on sleep of solitary bees, 

 Williams on Prinnonyx thomce and Frohawk on butterflies of the family of 

 Lyncsnidae. 



Turner, C. H. Notes on the Behavior of a Parasitic Bee of the Family Stellidae. 

 Journ. Anim. Beh. 1: 374. The bees hatched from a nest of the mud-dauber, 

 and at night or whenever the room was darkened the bees would retire to the 

 mud cells. 



Vavilov, . Quoted in Journ. of Hercd. 7: 43. 1916. Wild geese "swim to the 



selected open shore, where they get out, lie down, aiid fall asleep. The old 

 birds alone do not sleep, but divide the watches, and, if they hear anything 

 suspicious, at once wake the whole flock with a loud cry of warning." 



Watson, J. B. Behavior, an Introduction to Comparative Psychology, p. 112. 1914. 

 Night and day periods of activity are purely instinctive, since no structural 

 peculiarities account for the differences. 



