130 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. VIII, 
When I examine the Neuropteroid insects from tropical and 
South Africa and Madagascar, I see that a large part are strange 
to me. That where genera are the same, they are usually 
worldwide, and that many of our typical forms are wholly 
unrepresented in Africa. 
The points wherein Australia differs from the United States 
are in many cases just the points wherein Australia agrees with 
Africa and Ceylon. 
For example, Psychopsis, a remarkable Hemerobid that 
forms a tribe. or subfamily by itself occurs in several species in 
Australia, East Africa and India. Ankylopterus, Protoplectron, 
Lysmus, Creagris, Nesoleon, Atalophlebia, Notanitolica, Dipseu- 
dopsis Periclystus, Suhpalasca, etc., all show the relation of 
Africa, India, Malasia, and Australia. Various other genera 
connect Africa and India as Palpares, and Tomatares. Similar 
striking insects in other orders indicate the same relationship. 
There is, therefore, broadly speaking but three types of insect 
fauna, as already noted by Murray. One, the Microtypal, 
includes many of the insects of Europe and North America, and 
Northern Asia, a considerable element in Andean America, 
many in India and Insulinde, and New Zealand, a district rep- 
resentation in Australia, but very poorly developed in Africa. 
Another fauna is the African or Gondwandan; it embraces 
many of the forms most peculiar to us. Its present home is 
Africa, but strong in Australia and almost as strong in Insulinde 
and Ceylon, plainly present in India, and noticeable in South 
America through various isolated genera. We may mention 
some of the peculiarities of this Gondwandan fauna in Neurop- 
teroids. There are no Limnephilid, nor Rhyacophilid caddice- 
flies, no Raphidia, no Panorpa, no Sialis, in fact many of our 
common genera are there represented by different genera. 
And third, is the Brazilian fauna, a more recent develop- 
ment; this does not appear so distinct in the Neuroptera as in 
the Lepidoptera, but we may cite Allochrysa Callibetis, Hap- 
loglentus, Ululodes (and allied genera), Trichoscelis, Campsurus, 
Euthyplocia, Thrysophorus, Blepharopus, Phylloicus, Marilia. 
It is so customary to consider New Zealand as part of the 
Australian realm that I desire to express as strongly as possible 
that as far as their insect fauna is concerned Australia and New 
Zealand are much more related to other parts of the world than 
