12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



SO in the leaf. I believe this is common with many leaf-mining 

 Diptera. 



The hard, coarctate pupa is from 5 to 6 mm. long, and of the 

 shape usual with the typical Muscidce. It is oval, slightly wrinkled, 

 segmental divisions very indistinct ; reddish brown in colour, 

 slightly darker towards the head (see figure, heading article). 



C. beta hybernates as a pupa, though when bred the imagos 

 are often produced in the late autumn. Farsky tells us that his 

 second brood pupated about the 20th and 21st of October, while 

 the imagos appeared at intervals from 10 to 105 days (4th 

 February). Hence we find that barren specimens may be pro- 

 duced in the autumn, but pupal hybernation is natural. The 

 flies are produced from March to May ; the egg state lasts from 

 a week to ten days ; as larvae they live about a month, and the 

 first brood remain in pupae from ten days to a fortnight. There 

 are normally two broods in the year, but frequently three or even 

 more, where conditions meteorological and otherwise are favour- 

 able. In 1854 Nordlinger found young larvae as late as October 

 1st. From Sparham, Norfolk, Mr. Frank Norgate reports the 

 larvffi common in two fields on June 20th. Mr. Nelson's twenty 

 acres were " set back about three weeks by the attack, and the 

 headlands suffer least." On July 1st he dug twelve pup£e, which 

 emerged from 7th to 13th. On August 1st he reports, " saw 

 plenty of ova on under surface of mangold leaves. Their larvae 

 are now more numerous than ever, and the whole field looks 

 brown with dry and blistered leaves ;" and again, on September 

 29th, " Mr. G. Forby, of Sparham, tells me his mangold are now 

 fresh ' blown ' by flies, and are set back by them." This appears 

 to point distinctly to three broods in Norfolk this year, and the 

 Cheshire correspondent already quoted reports a second attack, 

 or brood, in August. Mr. Graham's specimens, quoted by 

 Curtis, were larvae on 20th June, and the imagos appeared from 

 July 17 th to 20th. The great attack this year throughout the 

 country was in the first fortnight of July. Mr. Inchbald says 

 the fields around Bridlington were attacked in July and August. 

 Mr. Norgate's copious notes were contributed for Miss Ormerod's 

 ' Injurious Insect Eeport,' to whom I am indebted for them, as 

 well as the drawing at the head of this article. In this year's 

 ' Report ' the mangold-fly is also reported from Slogarie, Kirk- 

 cudbright, by Mr. Service ; from Churbrook, Cheshire, by Mr. 



