164 THE ENTOMOIiOGIST. 



and biting into the next division, just above the joint ; generally, 

 however, there is but one hole between the joints, and this mostly 

 at the base, so probably the larva exits at the entrance -hole. It 

 pupates in the ground, and, as is general in the Tentliredinidcs, 

 the larva enters it in the autumn but does not become a pupa 

 until the following spring. My specimens hybernated in little 

 earthen cells quite at the bottom of the cage, which contained 

 about six inches of earth. A small percentage only turned to 

 light yellowish-brown pup£e in the earthen cells. I could discover 

 no trace of silk, or anything worthy of the name of a cocoon. — 

 Edward A. Fitch; Maldon, Essex, April 37, 1881. 



The Mangold-fly. — The mangold crops in this neighbour- 

 hood are again seriousW threatened by the attacks of the 

 " mangold-Hy," which, commencing its work of devastation this 

 year upon the plants whilst much smaller than in 1880, may, I 

 fear, result in an almost total failure of this important crop in the 

 infested districts. Mr. E. A. Fitch, in his exhaustive economic 

 article upon this species (Entom. xiv., 8, 25), says that no prac- 

 tical remedy can be given until more is known of its special 

 habits. Probably since then many entomologists, thus having 

 their attention particularly drawn to it, will have made observa- 

 tions of practical utility in the matter of pointing out or proving 

 an efficient remedy. It would be a valuable contribution to our 

 knowledge if any who are in this position could give instruc- 

 tions that would tend either to totally or partially alleviate the 

 losses caused by this pest? — Wm. E. Brady; 1, Queen Street, 

 Barnsley, June 20, 1881. 



[This fly is again rampant. Many of the crop reports in the 

 agricultural journals refer to it. The following from North Notts, 

 in the ' Chamber of Agriculture Journal,' is the most explicit I 

 have met with. "If the plague of flies in the land of Egypt was 

 as troublesome in general as the mangel wurtzel fly is to my 

 mangels, I can understand Pharoah entreating that they might 

 be removed. I suppose Pharoah never had a nicer lot of mangels 

 than I had at the end of May — side hoed, horse hoed, cut out, 

 and singled ; then came the flies. A little brown fly, somewhat 

 like a horsefly, but not so large, laid numberless eggs on the 

 underside of the leaves. I have counted more than 100 on a 

 leaf — some hatched, and ten or eleven maggots may be found in 

 a leaf devouring the substance between the upper and under 



