128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



out of its newly-formed case; one end completed, it devotes 

 its attention to the embellishment of the other, on each side 

 of which it constructs similar silken projections; this accom- 

 plished, it entirely liberates its case from the leaf, and falls to 

 the ground. The larva now crawls about on the ground for 

 a day or two, at the expiration of which it moults for the 

 third time, its cast-off skin projecting from one end of the 

 case ; its body is then milk-white, the eyes and mouth being 

 represented by so many pale brown spots : in this position it 

 remains stationary during the winter months, and by the fol- 

 lowing spring the eyes and mouth become dark brown, and 

 its body has a faint red blotch in the centre of its back. 

 About the 10th of May the larva throws off its skin for the 

 fourth time, and enters the pupa state, when its head, body and 

 wing-cases are whitish, mouth light brown, eyes colourless, 

 and the posterior part of the abdomen is light brown ; some 

 days afterwards the eyes become darkish, head and wing-cases 

 very faint brown, thorax white, ventral surface of abdomen 

 white, and the back of the abdomen is faint brown, with a 

 dull brov\n spot on the back of the 2nd abdominal segment ; 

 this dull brown spot, which deepens in colour, is slightly re- 

 flected through the body of the pupa ; the eyes after awhile 

 become shining black, and the mouth dark brown ; the centre 

 of each wing-case has then a faint dark tinge ; on the back 

 of the thorax the outlines of what ultimately becomes a 

 squarish patch of dark pigment makes its appearance, and, 

 after slowly spreading itself over the thorax, head and wing- 

 cases, finally retires into the abdomen, to which it likewise 

 imparts a dark tinge; while this is taking place the usual 

 markings of the imago gradually develope themselves. In 

 this position the pupa remains until the period has arrived for 

 the imago to appear ; the latter, in its efibrts to escape from 

 its case, pushes its pujjal covering almost entirely out, and 

 the imago is set at liberty by the pupa-skin splitting open 

 from the head downwards ; the pupa-skin is almost colour- 

 less, very thin and transparent, and is slightly tinged with 

 pale brown on each side of the head. What oflBce the silken 

 thorn-like projections on the case are intended to fulfil 1 am 

 at a loss to conceive, unless they act the part of so many 

 anchors, to prevent the case, when on the ground, from being 

 drifted away ; sometimes the projections have a silken web 



