INTRODUCTORY PAPERS ON LEPIDOPTERA. 125 
basal half may be rosy ; and there’is frequently a white or orange 
mark near the tip. In other species the red covers more or less 
of the hind wings, and the fore wings are crimson at the base 
and crossed by a broad transverse crimson bar beyond the middle. 
The under side of the fore wings resembles the upper, but is paler, 
and the apical markings resemble those of the first section. 
The under side of the hind wings varies ; sometimes the centre is 
dull yellow, enclosing two large black spots, each marked with a 
variable number of eyes. This is enclosed by a black ring 
(incomplete on the costa), which is double towards the base and 
single towards the hind margin, where it is marked with a row 
of blue spots. Sometimes the black spaces on which the blue 
spots are placed are so extended as to occupy the greater part of 
the wing; at other times the yellow ground is slightly suffused 
with red, and so extended as to fill the whole centre of the wing, 
being marked with two black eyes with blue pupils. There are 
a great number of species, but all with a strong family likeness. 
The little genus Hematera is also black or brown above, with 
more or less extended red markings. The species expand from 
one and a quarter to one and a half inch, and may be known 
from the allied genera by the brown under side of the hind wings, 
which is slightly varied with rusty, and indistinctly marked, as in 
some Satyrine. 
Callithea, the most splendid genus of the Catagramma group, 
contains larger species, varying from two to nearly three inches 
in expanse, and chiefly found towards the west of South America; 
the larve are spiny. In C. Sapphira, one of the handsomest of the 
genus, the male is of the richest blue, while the female is blue 
only at the base, followed by a broad transverse orange band on 
the fore wings, while the hind wings are bordered with dull green. 
The under side of the hind wings is dull green, with several 
transverse rows of black spots. Some of the other species are 
similarly marked, while others are bluish black towards the base, 
and with a pale bluish band round all the wings, almost like that 
of an Elymnias. ‘The under side of all the species is green, 
frequently more or less orange at the base, and marked with 
transverse rows of black spots, some of which occasionally 
coalesce into lines. - 
