INTRODUCTORY PAPFRS ON LKPIDOPTRRA. 195 



be found in tropical or subtropical countries, tlie climate of 

 which more resembles that prevailing in this country at the 

 period when this insect existed. That a much warmer 

 climate then prevailed in this country than is at present 

 enjoyed is evident from the plant remains of these leaf beds, 

 which, according to Lyell, "remind the botanist of the types 

 of tropical India and Australia.'" 

 The Avenue, Surbiton Hill. 



INTRODUCTORY PAPERS ON LEPTDOPTERA. 

 By W. F. KiRBY, 



Assistant-Naturalist in Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. 

 No. X. NYMPHALID.E— NYMPHALINyE. Genera allied to VANESSA. 



The first genus, Araschnia, contains the smallest European 

 species of the group, A. Levniia, Linn., remarkable for the 

 dissimilarity of its broods. It is popularly called the 

 "Map" in France and Germany, perhaps on account of 

 the sharpness of its markings. One or two other species 

 have been described from North-eastern Asia, but are 

 perhaps not truly distinct. 



The next group, Symhrenthia, is East Indian, and 

 includes a few black species, banded with rich tawny. The 

 fore wings are marked with a band in the cell, and a short 

 oblique one across the tip ; and the hind wings (which are 

 angulated, and have a strong projection in the middle) have 

 two bands, the uppermost continued across the hinder angle 

 of the fore wings. S. Hi/ppoclus has a tawny under side, 

 with a reddish brown oblique stripe running from the middle 

 of the inner margin of the hind wings towards the hind 

 margin of the fore wings; towards the tail it is dusted with 

 pinkish gray and greenish. S. Hypselis is of a richer tawny 

 above, and jiale yellow, more or less varied with orange, and 

 reticulated with black below; towards the hind margin there 

 is a row of large black conical spots, bordered with yellow 

 and black, and dusted with metallic-green. The species 

 expand nearly two inches. 



The genus Hi/panarlia is South American or African, and 

 the species expand about two or two and a half inches ; the 

 fore wings are generally slightly truncated at the tips, and 

 sometimes concave below ; and the liind wings are produced 

 into a short tail. Several species, such as Lethe, (lodmani, 



