INTRODUCTORY PAPERS ON LKPIDOPTFRA. 239 



appearance of the moth is somewhat irregular, occurring from 

 the middle of May to the middle of June, but the latter end 

 of May is the best time to look for it. E.gallicolana may be 

 reared from the galls of Cynips lerminalis, which are to be 

 found in plenty in the autumn, and it prefers those of the pre- 

 ceeding year's growth. When the imago emerges the pupa 

 case is left sticking half-way out of the gall, and in some 

 cases the moth emerges by the hole eaten by the Cynips, but 

 in others makes one for itself, and in this case a small 

 beautifully round cap of the outer surface of the gall is 

 pushed out and left at the side of the pupa case. 



I have bred this Tortrix from some galls from which the 

 Cynips has never emerged, and which had no apparent hole 

 in them, clearly showing that the larva must have lived in 

 them, and could not have gone into them to pupate as 

 Heusimene jimhriana undoubtedly does. 1 have never 

 found more than one moth emerge from each gall, and the 

 proportion of galls containing this insect is two or three per 

 thousand. 



This insect seems somewhat out of place in our lists, 

 being far more closely allied to Coccyx argyrana than to 

 Ephippiphora populana. As in C. argyrana, the posterior 

 wings of the males have a wide pale patch in the centre, 

 surrounded by a darker outer margin. Indeed in shape and 

 markings it very closely resembles that species, being dis- 

 tinguished from it by the uniform dark brown ground colour 

 of its fore wings, and by its later appearance in the imago 

 state. From the same lotof galls I reared four C. argyrana^ 

 a few C. splendidulana and Heusimene Jimhriana, besides 

 two specimens of both Catoptria Juliana, and Eupoecilia 

 maculosana, the latter not being usually considered an 

 inhabitant of galls in any stage of its existence. 



1, Duncan Terrace, N., October, 1878. 



INTRODUCTORY PAPERS ON LEPTDOPTERA. 



By VV. F. KiRBY, 



Assistant-Naturalist in Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. 



No. X. NYMPHALID^ — NYMPHALINiE. 



(Genera allied to VANESSA, continued.) 



Among the commonest and most widely distributed of the 

 exotic butterflies are those belonging to the genus Junonia. 

 As now restricted, it includes several species with smooth 



