306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



many doubts are still inherent in rae." Then he states three 

 conclusions, which he does not doubt ; more recent entomo- 

 logists do not believe them. " 1st, Each kind of gall 

 originates from the same species of Cynips. 2nd. One 

 Cynips inhabiis domiciles, which are in many ways diverse 

 by reason of their locality. 3rd. Each species of Cynips 

 builds for itself the same gall in the same place. Thus I 

 have found Cynips Qiiercusfolii, Linn.., — 1st, in nut-sized 

 galls on oak-leaves ; 2nd, in pedunculated, fungous, one- 

 chambered, crovrned mespiliform galls on oak-twigs, — C. 

 Surculi, Schr. ; 3rd, in one-chambered, woolly, shaggy, 

 bedeguar-like galls of oak-acorns. The Linnean name, 

 therefore, does not suit all the specimens, for some inhabit 

 twigs, some leaves, some fruit. Cynips Qiiercus-baccarum 

 inhabits also the rounded, one-chambered, woody, very hard 

 gall of oak-twigs. The gall of Quercus toja3, frequent here, 

 is fungous, round, one-chambered, crownless, and is fixed by 

 a more or less long stalk to oak-twigs. Generally the galls 

 of the same Cynips, which in one place are one-chambered 

 or many-chambered, are found in all parts equally, but vary 

 in form and substance according to the locality. The Lin- 

 nean nomenclature is therefore manifestly faulty, and the 

 history of each builder of galls, as yet shadowed in darkness, 

 invites the attention of entomophilites." 



A few more observations are required, in addition to what 

 Spinola says of his Figites ruficornis, a black fly with testa- 

 ceous head, antennae and legs, and with black marks on the 

 hips and thighs. This fly seems to be inquilinous ; but the 

 required change in its name, and also how i'ar the history of 

 the gall, about to be mentioned, corresponds with the history 

 of the gall of Cynips argentea, may be left for future consi- 

 jderation. The gall, Spinola says, is " Galla tinctoria ;" and 

 Anlhribus scabrosus, various Curculionidae, Formica barbara 

 (a female, with its wings lost), and Figites abbreviator, are 

 companions in the gall of Figites ruficornis. The latter, he 

 says, lives almost gregariously in a single gall, and builds for 

 itself oblong habitations with almost woody walls, which are 

 fixed by the base to the house of the legitimate master, 

 whose monarchy then ceases ; and its hut being thus 

 \ straitened on all sides, the unhappy little animal perishes 

 'immaturely in deficient space. These invaders (in the case 



