266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



incidentally is extremely local, though common enough where it 

 occurs. We had no time to pursue our investigations much 

 beyond the bracken-covered hill-sides at the point indicated. I 

 was rather surprised at the number on the wing thereabouts. 

 Half a dozen nets had been at work in the last two days, but 

 there were quite enough left not only to satisfy our requirements 

 but to ensure the continuity of the race. I rather fancy some 

 of the collectors had not discovered the actual metropolis. 

 Butterflies generally, if limited in number of species, made up 

 by abundance of individuals. Arginmis ci/dippe females were 

 still in evidence on the thistles, but they also had seen their best 

 days. The woods were fall of worn Zephyriis quercas of both 

 sexes, but I do not remember to have seen a single member of 

 the " Blues," though, of course, we were in full sight at certain 

 spots of the headquarters of Aricia medon salmacis, and of 

 Meathrop Moss across the water, where even so late in the season 

 Dr. Keynes was taking fresh ? Pleheias argus {(egon) masseyi. 

 On ihe (gthiops ground Hipparchia semelewas in rags, Gonepteryx 

 Q-hamni was just coming out, and a few males of Aglais urticce were 

 'on the wing. 



The Arnside race is characteristic in comparison with the 

 athiops of the Continent, but I do not find any constant super- 

 ficial differences in size, coloration of the rusty band, or the 

 number and size of ocellations in the males when placed side 

 by side with Scots examples. Tiie species must, I think, reach 

 its finest development in the hot valleys of what was formerly 

 Hungary, and is now Rumania — Mehadia and Herkulesbad for 

 example. My short series of males from the latter locality show 

 it is the largest of all the Erebias except E. ligea, to which it is 

 closely correlated — even as large as E. palarica, Chpm. — and my 

 only regret is that when 1 was on the Danube in 1912 the females 

 had not yet begun to emerge. Our English cethiops seem to me 

 to come nearest to the higher alpine and mountain forms we 

 find, e. g., in the Val d'Anniviers up to 5000 ft., so far as the 

 brilliancy of their coloration is concerned. The Swiss examples 

 are certainly larger than the run of those from Arnside and 

 Scotland that I have seen in Mr. Johnson's and ray own cabinets. 

 At the level of Neuchatel (about 1450 ft.) I found examples of 

 a then much-worn emergence from August 26th to the 29th, 

 1898, except in the size of the fore-wing ocellations on the females 

 also differing little from our Westmorland race. Inter se it may 

 be said of the Arnside cethiops that in both sexes hardly two are 

 alike ; in some males the rusty band of tbe fore wings is hardly 

 constricted at all, in others the characteristic constriction is 

 exaggerated, while the ocellated black spots vary infinitely in 

 size, as well as more occasionally in number. I secured one or 

 two brilliant females, but unfortunately a long period had to 

 elapse before I set out my specimens, and not a few suffered in 



