OF DERBYSHIRE. 11 



was stayed. Instead of four, it cost nearly forty years to 

 subdue tlie uplands (48 — 85), and even after that the spirit 

 of the hillmen was not finally crvished. 



In the development which naturally followed the 

 conquest, the two areas remained distinct. The lowlands 

 became rapidly Romanized. Progress was necessarily not 

 uniform. Some districts, like Kent and Essex, had learnt 

 not a little of Roman culture before 43. Others lay so far 

 outside the main currents of provincial life that they 

 never became thoroughly amalgamated. Others, again, 

 like Warwickshire, were so thinly inhabited that substan- 

 tially there was no population in them to Romanize. 

 Class, too, differed inevitably from class. The wealthier 

 and better educated naturally adopted Roman speech and 

 manners more accurately and intelligently than the 

 labourer or the rustic. But in the main the lowlands were 

 civilised. A few municipalities, with Roman charters, 

 were established. Many smaller and less privileged towns 

 developed and flourished. The countryside was dotted with 

 the residences of large land owners, generally Romanized 

 natives. The minerals were worked in suitable places. 

 Corn was grown and exported. Wool was dyed and 

 obtained a name. ^ There was perhaps little wealth, but 

 there was abundant comfort, orderliness and peace. 



Turn now to the uplands. We meet no towns or 



" villas," no indication of comfortable unwarlike ease. 



Everywhere our civilian life stops where the hills begin. 



Instead, the spectacle is militaiy, and the normal elements 



are forts and fortresses. Here, in these uplands, was 



distributed the garrison of forty or fifty thousand men 



which kept the hill tribes quiet and prevented the inroad 



of the Caledonian Highlander or Irish pirate. No doubt 



1. See my paper Eomanization of Boman Britain (" British Academy 

 Proceedings," vol. ii.), p. 25, and references there. 



