44 THE EXCAVATIONS 



as follows : " The outer shell of masonry has a thickness 

 of little more than a foot, which the backing of rubble 

 increases to four or five feet at its lowest course. With 

 the base of the mound included the width is increased to 

 twenty feet or more." (p. 92). This account was accepted 

 from Mr. Garstang by Mr. Haverfield in the Victoria 

 History of Derbyshire *^ (p. 212), with the addition of the 

 remark that it appeared to be an earlier type of rampart 

 than the more usual wall of stone such as was found at 

 Brough. In what follows it is important we should be 

 clear as to what is meant by "rubble." In two standard 

 authorities I find the following statement : "Rubble wall- 

 ing is either coursed or uncoursed." In either case the 

 term is used to denote, not a heap of loose material, but a 

 solid wall. 



In the summer of 1905, a number of cuts were made into 

 the rampart under Prof. Conway's direction. These cuts, 

 several of which are marked on the plan, are of interest, 

 as showing the excellent construction of the clay bank, 

 which contains no stone whatever. They do not, however, 

 make clear any other point. A number of sections have 

 also been cleared near the gates, and these are more 

 instructive.*^ The best undoubtedly are those im- 

 mediately north and south of the east gate. The first 

 of these is perhaps the more interesting, but, un- 

 fortunately, while the clay bank there is well preserved, 

 the wall has been almost entirely removed. Much later 

 in the year, a portion of the wall that still remains to the 



45. Mr. Haverfield has kindly given me permission to make use not 

 only of this article, but also of his valuable notes on the fort at 

 Gellygaer. 



46. It may be as well to state that what is said of these sections refers 

 to their appearance when freshly cut. When the section is much 

 weathered, the details may be obscured. This statement may be 

 necessary, in case anyone should compare the descriptions given with the 

 sections as they appear now. 



