138 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. 



" mounds and deep valleys between. The amount of erosion must 

 "have been of great force ami of long continuance, if we view the 

 "mounds and long stretches of distance from one to the other. * * 

 "* * * No drift pebbles were seen on high ground, but some 

 " wells expose rounded gravel and sand. Near Nevada. I heard of 

 "a gra\'el bed containing logs, etc., in a well 16 feet below the 

 " surface. " 



Similarly when describing Bates county Prof. Hroadhead saysrf 

 "That this county has been at some f(jrmer time subject to extreme 

 "denudations is evident from the isolated mounds often seen. 

 " Their summits are probably of the same elevation as the higher 

 "ridges in the eastern part of the county. There has been a scour- 

 " ing from north to south, leaving isolated mounds protected from 

 "destruction by cuppings of limestone. ***** 'Yhe force 

 "of the glacial action which has caused this has been such as to bear 

 "away all drift pebbles from the surface excepting when on the higher 

 "grounds. On the mounds east of Pleasant (Jap are often seen 

 "quantities of rounded gravel, mostly siliceous. The banks of Camp 

 "creek have exposed at one place a bed of similar gravel with sand. 

 (,* M: * * * ^[ Burnett's ferry the banks of the Osage show: 

 " Xo. I. Soil. 



" No. 2. 12 feet brown sandy clay. 

 "No. 3. 10 feet blue clay. 

 " No. 4. Bed of rounded siliceous gravel." 



Later Prof, liroadhead referred to the surface gravels of Kansas in 

 different articles publisheil in the Kansas City AV;7V'7i',t in which he 

 gives a good description of their geographic positions, emphasizing 

 the fact that they so often occur on the highest hill tojjs. He refers 

 the age of the gravel to the Coal Measures, but that of the gravel beds 

 to the "Later (ilacial." It will thus be seen that Prof. Broadhead, 

 whose observations have been very extensive, attributes the origin of 

 the j;v-<7rr/ to the local formations for both the Missouri deposits, and 

 the origin of the />ct/s or /ayrrs to the later glacial action. In this 

 respect his views are similar to those of St. John, as is shown by the 

 following quotations:;}; "To the latter [the modified drift] belong the 

 "ordinary superficial deposits spread over the southeastern portion of 

 "the state, among which no vestige of true glacial erratics * * * 

 "* * have been detected, whose accumulation was due to the 

 "denudation and disintegration of the limestone, sandstone and 

 " shaly deposits occurring in the region where they exclusively con- 

 " stitute the evidences of the action of ])owerful denuding agencies, 



*lb. p. 121. +7fc. p. 15fl. 



+ Kansas City Rsview of Sriena aul In-ln'ri/. vol. iii. p. JOJ. anl vol. viil. p. 4.i3. 



tRep. Kan. St. Board Agr., 1881-82, p. 5tf8. 



