142 KANSAS UNlVERSITV QUARTERLY. 



down the hill side, the being moved by water in times of floods, the 

 abrasive effects of moving soil and sand produced by wind or water, 

 rounded the edges and blunted the sharp angles, in some places 

 more than in others. Similarly the gravel has accumulated, now 

 in broad, even layers, then in winrows formed by irregular surfaces 

 and unequal amounts of the chert in the limestone. If there ever 

 was a period during which Kansas was flooded by water from the 

 melting glaciers such waters of course would assist in working over 

 and arranging the gravel into beds. But the intimate association of 

 individuals of such different sizes, the mixing of the large and 

 small, shows that the sorting j)0rt'er of water has acted but slightly if 

 at all. 



This view is believed to be in harmony with the generally accepted 

 views of leading geologists regarding the origin of many other forma- 

 tions of similar character. Surface gravels are present in many 

 different 'parts of the world. They cover the highest hill lops of our 

 great mountain systems, and fdl the deepest valleys. Altitude seems 

 to have no effect upon them. They were ])erplexing in the extreme 

 until geologists began to look upon them as being only residual 

 products left behind when the more j)erishable materials passed 

 away. 



