The Cilium. 173 



Historical: Literature on the Structure of Protoplasm. Sources. 



Reference will be given to special papers at the end of this work. 

 There have been a number of comprehensive treatises devoted to 

 different phases of the subject that should, however, be mentioned at 

 this time. 



1. Haller, ''Elementa Physiologiae," Vol. IV, P. 514, gives a 

 summary of the old theories of muscular contraction. 



2. Herman, in the ''Handbuch der Physiologic," reviews the theo- 

 ries from Haller's time up to 1879. 



3. Cornoy, "La Biologic Cellulaire," gives an excellent review of 

 the conceptions of protoplasm between 1665 and 1865. 



4. Blitschli, in his "Mikroskopische Schaume und das Proto- 

 plasma," gives an exhaustive review of the works on protoplasmic 

 structure between 1860 and 1892. 



5. The theories of the structure of protoplasm are briefly summed 

 up by Deiage, "L'Heredite," 1903, pp. 23-33. 



6. Davis, "Studies on the plant cell," covers the literature on the 

 botanical side. 



7. Flemming, in Merkel and Bonnet's Ergebnisse, Vols. II, III, 

 IV, V and VI, gives the recent literature on the cell. Few papers 

 of any import are omitted from his exhaustive treatment. 



8. The literature on the cilium is admirably brought together by 

 Putter in Asher and Spiro's Ergebnisse, Vol. II, ISTo. 2, pp. 1-102. 



9. Fischer, "Fixirung, Farbung and Ban des Protoplasmas," pre- 

 sents a criticism of the methods of cytology. 



10. Heidenhain in Asher and Spiro's Ergebnisse, Vols. VIII and 

 X, gives a full review of the literature on the muscle. 



Early Views. 

 Protoplasm WitJiout Visible Organization and Coniractile.^ 

 The first to postulate an internal framework to explain the move- 

 ments of protoplasm was Briicke (1861). Previous observers and 



'The first conceptions of the nature of protoplasm were developed between 

 »<)65, the date of the discovery of the cell by Robert Hooke, and 1839, 

 the date of Schwann's publication. We find it variously spoken of at this 

 time as "matiere ou substance organisa trice, matiere formatrice, mati- 



