174 O. P. Bellinger. 



most of the investigators of his time conceived protoplasm to be semi- 

 fluid, viscid substance vrithout visible organization. Among those 

 vv^ho did much to establish this view are to be mentioned Max Schultz 

 (1855-1863), Haeckel (1862) and Kiihne (1864). The first two 

 worked with the protozoa, Schultz especially with the Rhizopods, 

 Haeckel with the Radiolarians, Kiihne upon protoplasm. All writers 

 were, however, united in ascribing to protoplasm or ^'Sarcode" the 

 property of contractility. Under these circumstances one is not sur- 

 prised that they sought in this fundamental property the explanation 

 of all protoplasmic movements. Although many investigators have 

 opposed this view, it has had at all times a goodly number of support- 

 ers and at present seems to be gaining in favor. Besides Schultz, 

 Haeckel and Kiihne, referred to above, we should mention Reichert 

 (1863), Briicke (1861), Cienkowsky (1863) and de Bary (1862 and 

 1864) as early holding this conception. 



If protoplasmic movements were to be explained on the basis of 

 contractility of protoplasm, it was necessary to assume some organiza- 

 tion for this substance. Although Briicke did postulate a contractile 



ere germinale," etc. (Cornoy, 18S4, p. 176). In 1835, Dujardiu designated 

 it as "sarcode" in tlie infusoi'ia. With Schleiden it was, "Schleim." (Bei- 

 trage zur Phytogenesis. Miiller's Arcli., 1838). The advances in micro- 

 scopical anatomy during the years 1839 and 1840 gives Purkinje the credit 

 of first using tlie term "protoplasm." Later, von Mohl ("On the Move- 

 ments of Sap in the Interior of the Cell," Bot. Zeitung, 1846, p. 73) says, 

 "The remainder of the cell is more or less densely filled with an opaque, 

 viscid fluid of a white color, having granules intermingled in it, which fluid 

 I call protoplasm." 



The first to speak definitely of its properties was Dujardin. (Sur les 

 Organismes inferieurs, Ann. Sc. Nat. 1835, p. 367.) In speaking of the 

 sarcode he says, ".Te propose de nommer ainsi ce que d'autres ohservateurs 

 ont appele une gelee vivant, cette matiere glutineuse, diaphane, insoluble 

 dans I'eau, se conti-actaut en masses globuleuses. . . . enfin se trouvant 

 dans tons les animaux inferieurs interposee aux autres elements de structure." 

 Between 1840 and 1865 the work of Schultz, Haeckel, Williamson, and 

 among the botanists, Naegeli, Cohn, de Bary, Cienkowsky, and many others 

 did much to give us clear conceptions of protoplasm. Cornoy sums up the 

 general notion of its properties at the end of this period in the following 

 sentence : "Une masse diaphane, semi-liquide et visqueuse, extensible mais 

 non elastique, homogene, c"est-a-dire sans structure, sans organisation visible, 

 parsemee de nombreux granules et enfin essentiellement dou§e d'irritabilit§ 

 et de contractility." 



