176 O. P. Bellinger. 



mrntionod Schmitz (ISSO),^ Eeinke and Rodewald (1881-2), Cornoj 



The fibrillar nature of certain nervous elements was first called to our 

 attention by Reuiak (1837, 1843 and 1844). Tliis doctrine was further 

 developed by the works of Remak (1852), Stilling (1856), Leydig (1862 and 

 1864), Walter (1863), Deiters (1865), Arnold (1865 and 1866), Schultz (1868 

 and 1871), and Frommann (1867 and later), Biitschli. 



Ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells were also shown by the work 

 of Friedrich (1859), Eberth and Marchi (1866), Stuart (1867), Arnold (1875), 

 Eimer (1877), and Nussbaum (1877) to contain fibrous or striated structures, 

 Englemann (1880) for the ciliated epithelium and Leydig (1856), Henle 

 (1866), Pfliiger (1866, 18C9, 1871) and Heidenhain (1868 and 1875) for 

 the non-ciliated epithelial cells, describe similar structures. Frommann was 

 first to advance the theory that some such structure is universally present 

 in protoplasm, and, according to Biitschli, to him is due the credit of sug- 

 gesting a possible reticular structure for protoplasm. 



^Schmitz made his observations on plant tissues that were killed in a 

 saturated solution of picric acid. He is convinced of the reticular nature of 

 protoplasm and disputes the interpretation sometimes given that reticular 

 structures are coagula. 



In the years 1878 and 1879 Klein came forward in two publications as a 

 supporter of the reticular structure of protoplasm. According to him cilia 

 may be a continuation of fibrils within the cell. 



Reinke and Rodewald and later Reinke and Katschmar, working with 

 Aethalium septicum, expressed themselves as favoring the net-like structure 

 of protoplasm. Their method was (somewhat) unique and deserves more 

 attention than it has received. They subjected cakes of the plant to pressure 

 and succeeded in pressing out about 66 per cent, of the fluid. From this 

 they concluded that what remained behind was the substance of the 

 framework. This framework is arranged in a spongy reticulum and is con- 

 tractile. The fluid "Enchylema" fills the intertrabecular spaces and is kept 

 from escaping from them by an enveloping layer of the same substance as 

 the framework. Reinke's views are much more fully developed later (1899 

 and 1905). He argues very strongly against the conception of the active 

 protoplasm being of a fluid nature and his comparison "fluid oars of a boat to 

 flagellar" is exactly to the point. Movements are always due, according to 

 him, to the contraction of protoplasmic fibers. 



The following quotation from Cornoy gives his point of view. "On pent 

 admettre que le reticulum est seul doue d'irritabilitS et de contractilite. 

 C'est done lui qui preside aux movements physiques, I'euchylema demeurant 

 passif, ou a pu pres, dans cette categorie de phenomenes." It is thus seen 

 that he thinks the protoplasm organized into a definite network, his reticulum, 

 which is bathed in a fluid, the "Enchylema." Of these the reticulum alone is 

 active. His reticulum corresponds to the "mitom" of Flemming and the 

 "protoplasma" of Kupffer. 

 Rabl (1869) held the view that the systems of rays found in connection 



