6 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. XII, 



small ranges with variously exposed slopes. In the region 

 extending from Mt. Shasta south to the American river, some 

 of the offshoots of the primitive species have segregated them- 

 selves into rather distinct species and subspecies, serving 

 thereby to define this as a rather distinct subregion and one 

 with a fairly well defined secondary fauna. In the territory 

 running from the American river south to the Merced river, we 

 find marked off in a similar way another secondary faunal 

 area; in the southern Sierras, quite another; while in the San 

 Bernardino Mts. there is still another. These secondary 

 faunas, though not well defined by the majority of the Sierran 

 species, are yet very distinctly outlined by others, as for 

 instance, by certain species of Omus, Scaphinotus, Pterostichus 

 and Pleocoma. 



Two of the North American faunas most closely related to 

 the Vancouveran and two, which like it, are most likely rem- 

 nants of the same northern Tertiary fauna, are one small faiina 

 confined to parts of the mountains of western Idaho, the Coeur 

 d'Alene and Moscow; and the fauna of the upper levels of the 

 southern Appalachian mountains, the so-called Alleghanian, 

 These two are relict and endemic faunas and possess as would be 

 expected, many species or related species in common. In the 

 Idaho fauna, we have certain species like Pterostichus sphodrinus 

 Lee. which are closely related to those found in the Vancouveran 

 like Pterostichus ovicollis Schaef . ; and others as Scaphinotus 

 relictus Horn and H. merkeli Horn that have their nearest 

 relatives in Scaphinotus imperfectus Horn, S. dehilis Lee. and 

 6*. incompletus Schz. of the southern Alleghanies. In Pteros- 

 tichus we have a peculiar and small group of species that have 

 more or less prognathous mandibles and are quite subterranean 

 in habit. On the Pacific Coast we have three, P. caligans Horn, 

 being the best known, one in Idaho, and P. grandiceps Ch. and 

 P. rostratus Neum. in the Appalachian Mountains. All of the 

 above mentioned species are so highly specialized that they 

 cannot be anything but relicts. They could not possibly have 

 migrated to their present abode subsequent to the Glacial 

 Period, though like the last mentioned, they might have 

 extended their territory. 



In the Cascades and Sierras, at elevations immediately 

 above those occupied by the Vancouveran and its offshoot, 

 the Sierran, we have a fauna that is more alpine in its nature. 



