218 
sapwood is yellowish in colour and the heart-wood reddish brown. 
Both are fragrant, easy to work, and light; the heart-wood in 
particular is very durable and stands exposure well. Its principal 
use is for shingle making, but it is also widely employed as a 
general building wood, particularly for doors and window frames, 
also for posts and rails, barrels and boxes. 
Hough, “ American Woods,” ix, No. 220, p. 45, in referring to 
its durability and use for shingles, instances a case of a tree which 
had fallen in the forest and upon the trunk of which another trec 
showing 130 annual rings had grown, being generally sound, and 
after the removal of the second tree, the wood of the first was used 
for shingles. He says that in December, 1899, he was informed 
that in the State of Washington 158 shingle mills were operating 
and turning out thousands of car loads of shingles annually. The 
hollowing the trunks out for canoes. Th 
inner bark for weaving into cloth, baskets, blankets, &c. 
Cupressus thyoides, 1.—Cedar, Coast White Cedar, White Cedar. 
Writing of this tree in the “Silva of North America,” x, p. 91, 
Prof. Sargent refers to it as one of the most valuable timber trees 
of North America by reason of its growing in cold swamps where 
no other timber tree would flourish. Under the best conditions it 
e same tribes used the 
& 
quantities of this wood are found buried in salt marshes in Southern 
ew Jersey where no timber now grows. In searching for it 
the marshes are probed with iron rods, and when a tree is found, its 
size, direction and quality are ascertained. By tearing off a piece 
of wood, it may be known by the odour, whether it fell from age, 
or was blown down by the winds. If the latter, it is more valuable, 
and after cutting away the turf at the top, the wood is sawn off in 
two places, when it will rise and float away bottom upwards because 
the lower side is soundest. The wood has all the buoyancy of fresh 
cedar, not being in the least water-logged and the bark is still fresh. 
Tree after tree from 200 to 1000 years old may be found lying 
across one another, some partly decayed as if they had stood a long 
ead. The wood is sawn into boards or 
pene by its small, scale-like leaves, small cones and fastigiate 
abi 
Cedrus 
This, the cedar of the Syrian Mountains and_ particularly of 
8 
Mount Lebanon, is by reason of its association with Holy Writ 
probably the oldest and most widely known cedar. It is probable 
nOr directly t 
similar to that of this tree. Vague ideas exist regarding the value 
