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durable ; poe with hd hee the most durable of the Himalayan 
woods. Stewart mentions the pillars of the Shah Hamaden mosque 
at Srinagar, in ‘Kashats, a date from 1426 A.D., and are now 
consequently (1901) 475 years old, as having been quite sound at 
the time he wrote. . lt resists wet, also white ants, and apparently 
does not suffer from dry rot.” 
Juniperus macropoda, Boiss.—Himalayan Pencil Cedar. 
This species is widely distributed in the Himalaya from Nepal to 
Afghanistan, where it is found as a moderate-sized tree 40 to 50 feet 
high with a girth of 6 or 7 feet, although much larger trees have 
been recorded. As is the case with most other J unipers, itis of slow 
growth and often forms knotty wood. The timber is described as 
fragrant and moderately hard, and specimens in Museum No. III, at 
ew, show it to have reddish heart-wood and yellowish sapwood. It 
is said to be used for wall-plates, beams and fuel, but neither Gamble 
nor Brandis says that it is used for pencil-making, although Gamble, 
“ A Manual of Indian Timbers,” p. 698, calls it the “Himalayan 
pencil cedar. 
Juniperus communis, 1.—Ground Cedar, Common Juniper. 
Sargent, in the “Silva of North America,” x., p. 75, refers to the 
common juniper as the ground cedar, although it does not appear to 
be classed as a cedar in Europe. A common species throughout 
Kurope and Northern Asia, it is a familar shrub in many parts of the 
British Isles. In some parts of the Highlands of Scotland it is the 
ne shrub after the heather and ling, whereas in the chalky 
oil of Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire it is a familiar bush on 
commons and sometimes in pasture fields. Its wood is of no value. 
Juniperus tetragona, Schlecht.—Rock Cedar. 
This tree is described by Sargent in the “Silva of North America,” 
x, p. 91, under the name of J. sabinoides. It is a native of 
Mexico and Texas and is said occasionally to attain a height of 40 
feet, although its sap gaee height is 20 feet and its diameter one foot. 
xcept for various local uses, such as posts and rails, it does not 
appear to be of ni “Gareguereial value. 
Juniperus occidentalis, Hook.— Western Red Cedar, Yellow Cedar, 
— Juniper, Californian Juniper 
veral common names here enitiodad are referred to by 
Stone “ Panbers of Commerce,” p, 257. Sargent “Silva of North 
America,” x, describes the tree as sometimes attaining a height of 
40 or 50 feet with a trunk 3 feet in diameter, but it is usually much 
smaller and sometimes a mere bush a few feet high, It is fairly 
eae distributed in North Western America from Canada to 
C nia. The wood is epee close-grained and fragrant but less 
highly coloured than that of J. virginiana. It is said to be used for 
fencing as it stands exposure well and does not decay readily when 
in contact with the ground. Generally, it can only be compared 
me a ae qualities of J. virginiana. 
mexicana, Schiede——Rock Cedar, J uniper Cedar, 
Mca ay Cedar. 
In “ North American Trees,” by Britton, p. 116, this species 
is deseribed as rock cedar in addition to the ot ther names here 
