20 



of coinnioivial products. Their burrow.s cause defects in tlie wood, and 

 are the means of starting;' deca}', which renders the heartwood worth- 

 less for commercial purposes. The livino- bark may be attacked b\^ 

 bark-boring grubs in sufficient numbers to seriously affect its vitality, 

 so that it will soon succumb to the attacks of other insects or diseases. 



The mature tree suffers most from the many wood-])oring beetles 

 and grubs. The destruction of some of the larger roots by tho great 

 root borer causes dead branches and dead tops. The borings of the 

 carpenter worm and other borers in the main trunk, top. and larger 

 branches result in rapid decay, hollow trunk, and generally worthless 

 condition, while its weakened vitality makes the tree an easy prey to 

 destructive bark-boring enemies. The trees blown down bv storm or 

 felled by the ax are attacked by a vast number of species of insects. 

 Some live in the bark, where the}^ do little or no harm to the commer- 

 cial product, but certain kinds may thus nuiltiply rapidly and attack 

 the standing tim1)er. The wood, however, may be seriously injured 

 by many species of wood-))oring beetles and grubs which breed only 

 in the wood of dead and felled trees. 



Old dead, standing, and felled trees and old logs and stumps are 

 infested by many insects which not only contribute to the rapid 

 destruction of the wood, which otherwise might have some commer- 

 cial value, but certain kinds ])reed in such material and emerge to 

 attack the wood of recently felled ti-ees and injured places in the 

 standing living ones. They also attack square timbers in bridges, 

 trestles, railroad bed, etc. 



SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL INSECT DEPREDATIONS IN THE FORESTS OF 



THE UNITED STATES. 



THE PIXES. 



Between 400 and 500 speci(\s of insects are known to inhabit the 

 living, d^dng, and dead pines of the United States. The pine forests 

 of the East, Northeast, and Southeast have suffered and are now suffer- 

 ing greatly from the ravages of destructive bark-beetles. A few years 

 ago (1890-1892) a trouble spread over an area of 75,000 square miles 

 in the Middle Appalachian region which resulted in the death of mil- 

 lions of pine trees. This included all of the indigenous and some of 

 the introduced species in the forests, private grounds, and parks. 

 Upon careful investigation, this trouble was found to be caused pri- 

 marily by the ravages of a single species of bark beetle {Dendrocto/ius 

 frontalis Zimm. vai". destructor Hopk.). Previous to 1890 this was a 

 rare insect m collections, and nothing was known of its hal)its. It 

 disappeared and the trouble ceased in 1893. This insect is liable to 

 appear agam in destructive num})ers. It is therefore of the greatest 

 importance that special efforts be made to determine the sections in 

 the Eastern and Southern pine forests where it maj^ yet survive, so 



