HOLOTHURIOIDEA. LS 
~Scytodermata, Burmeister, Hdbuch. Naturg. (1837) p. 469 (pars) 
Leuckart, Morphol. wirbellos. Thiere, (1848) p. 43. 
Cirrho- -Vermigrada or Holothuriade, Forbes, Brit. Starf. (1840) p. xv. 
Ascidiastella, Austin, Ann. § Mag. x. (1842) p. 111. 
Holothuriacea, Diib. § Kor. Vet. Akad. ae Mead (1846) p. 286, 
Holothurida, Gray, Brit. Rad. (1848) p 
Holothurioidea, Stebold, Lehrb. a a. (1848) p. 75; Carus, 
Prodr. Faun. med. (1884) p. 104; Lampert, Seewalzen, (1885) p. 3; 
Théel, Chall. Rep. Hol, (1886) p. 1; Ludwig, Klass. u. Ordn. (1889) 
p: 1; Hérouard, Arch. Zool. eapér. Vii. (1889) p. 535; Bell, Ann. & 
Mag. viii. (1891) p. 207. 
Holothurina, Perty, Zoologie, (1855) p. 534. 
Seytactinota, Bronn, Klass, u. Ordn. 11. (1860) p. 368. 
Holothurien, Selenka, Zeitschr, wiss. Zool. xvii. (1887) p. 291; Semper, 
Hol. Phil. (1868) p. 1. 
The Holothurioidea are non-caliculate, anactinogonidial apelma- 
tozoic Echinoderms, in which the skeletal system is spicular or 
irregular; the musculature of the body-wall is well developed, and 
the mouth is surrounded by a circlet of never very numerous 
tentacles which communicate with the water-vascular system, which 
is or is not provided with podia. The mouth and anus are at or 
near the opposite ends of a generally elongated body. A few are 
hermaphrodite, and a few have been found in brackish water. 
Order 1. APNEUMONA. 
Apodes (pars), Brandt, Prodi. descr, (1835) p. 58. 
Apoda, Kor. § Dan. Vet. Akad. Hdlg. 1844 (1846) p. 822; Lampert, 
Seewalzen, (1885) p. 203; Théel, Chall. Rep. (1886) p. 9. 
Apodia (pars), Bronn, Klass. u. Ordn. (1860) p. 403. 
1* Tribu, Synaptiens, ’Duj. & Hup. Echin. (186: 2) p. 614. 
Apneumona Apoda (pars), Carus, Zoologie, ii. (1863) p. 494. 
Paractinopoda, Ludwig, Klass. u. Ordn, (1891) p. 826. 
Holothurioidea without podia or respiratory trees. 
Family SYNAPTIDA. 
Synaptide, Burmeister, Hdbuch, Naturg. (1837) p. 472; Semper, Hol. 
(1868) p. 9; Théel, Chall. Rep, (1886) p. 18; Semon, Mitth. zool. Stat. 
Neap. vii. (1887) pp. 272 & 401; ; Ludwig, Klass. u. Ordn. (1891) 
. 006, 
Apneumones+Chiridota, Brandt, Prod. descr. Anim. (1885) pp. 58, 
59. 
Chiridoten, Grube, Actin. ete. Mittelm. (1840) p. 41. 
Apodal Holothurians with pinnate or digitate tentacles, not fewer 
than ten or more than thirty; cylindrical worm-like bodies ; the 
mesenteries bear ciliated infundibula; the sexes are often united ; 
the tegumentary deposits characterized by the presence of anchors 
or wheels. 
One British genus: Synapta. 
