HIPPASTERIAS. fir 
Goniaster equestris, Forbes, Brit. Starf. (1840) p. 125. 
Asterias (Goniaster) equestris, Gould, Inv. Massach. (1841) p. 344. 
Astrogonium phrygianum, M. Tr. Syst. Ast. (1842) p. 52; Sars, 
Norg. Ech. (1861) p. 44; Duj. § Hup. Ech. (1862) p. 390. 
Goniaster abbensis, Forbes, Ann. § Mag. xi. (1843) p. 280, pl. vii. 
cee ea aculeatum, Barrett, Ann. § Mag. xx. (1857) p. 47, 
way. fe. 
Gaticrey ‘phrygianus, Norman, Ann. & Mag. xv. (1865) p. 128; 
Hodge, Tr. North. § Durh. iv. (1872) p. 158. 
csi ba plana, Perr. Arch. Zool. exp. v. (1876) p. 86; Dan. § 
or. Norske Nordhavs Ast. (1884) p.59; Sladen, Chall, Rep. Ast. 
Ce) p. 84]; Scott, Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Ed, 1890-1 (1892), 
alee phrygiana, Verr. Rep. Comm. Fish. 1883 (1885), 
p- ide 
: R=2r; or2R= 3r. 
Proportion of rays. to radius of disk varies within wide limits ; 
disk with concave, plane, or convex sides, more or less tumid above. 
Among known British species it may be at once distinguished by 
the presence of a vast number of large bivalve sessile pedicellarie. 
Arms short, triangular, obtuse at their tips. Ambulacral groove 
narrow; the spinulation at its sides very variable and irregular ; 
the most typical arrangement is that of two inner rows of rather 
large blunt spines and a row or two rows of twice as many smaller 
spines. In small specimens the large bivalve pedicellariz on the 
ventral surface are pretty regularly surrounded by subequal tuber- 
cles of some size, but in larger specimens the arrangement of the 
tubercles is less regular and their similarity in size is less marked. 
In moderate-sized to large specimens there are from 15 to 20 
superomarginals and about the same number of inferomarginals. 
The most ordinary arrangement is the possession of three tubercles 
by the most proximal, two by the more distal, and one by the ter- 
minal superomarginals; and these may be set, when there is more 
than one, vertically to one another. On the inferomarginals the 
number of tubercles is less constant and their disposition less 
orderly. The upper surface is rougher than the lower owing to the 
greater projection of the tubercles, among which are numerous 
bivalve pedicellarie. ‘The madreporite is placed about midway be- 
tween the centre and the edge of the disk, is distinct, and of fair 
size. In the largest specimens the disk exhibits a tendency to be- 
come tumid and the marginals get pressed down to the lower surface. 
Colour in life “ pale orange” ( Wingate), in spirit white; when 
dried brown to white. 
R. r. Height of disk. 
126 él oF Pa hs: 
121 61 22 
118 5d 18 
113 68 36 
Lt 56 24 
