ASTERIAS, 101 
Arch, Zool. expér. iv. (1875) p. 3811; Bell, Ann. § Mag. vii. (1891) 
p. 469, pl. xiv. 
Asterias clathrata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. (1777) p. 51. 
ere glacialis, id. (not Linn.) t. c. p.51; Flem. Brit. An, (1828) 
. ie 
funoacs holsatica, Retz. Diss. Spec. Ast. (1805) p. 22. 
Asterias minuta, ed. ¢. c. p. 24. 
Asteracanthion rubens, M. Tr. Syst. Ast. (1842) pp. 17 & 126; 
Dib. § Kor. Vet.-Ak. Hdlg. 1844 (1846), p. 241; Sars, Norg. 
Ech. (1861) p. 87; Duj. § Hup. Ech. (1862) p. 331; Fischer, 
Act. Soc, Linn, Bordeaux, xxvii. (1869) p. 364; Jarzynsky, Trans. 
Petersb. Soc. Nat.i. (1870) p. 318; Greef, SB. Ges. Marburg, 1871, 
Pp re Moeb. & Biitschli (pars), JB. Comm. Kiel, ii. & iii, (1875) 
Tiesich rubens, Forbes, Brit. Starf. (1840) p. 83; Thompson, Nat. 
Mist. Irel, iv. (1856) p. 489. 
Asterias violacea, O. F. Miill. Zool. Dan. ii. (1788) p. 7, pl. xlvi. ; 
L. ed, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1789) p. 3163; Lamk, An. s. Vert. ed. ii. 
t. ili. (1840) p. 256; Gray, Brit. Rad. (1848) p.17; Norm. Ann. § 
Mag. xv. (1863) p. 128; Perr. Arch. Zool. iv. (1875) p. 313. 
Asteracanthion violaceus, M. Tr. Syst. Ast. (1842) pp. 16 & 126; 
Duj. § Hup. Ech, (1862) p.332 ; Fischer, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaur, 
XXvil. (1869) p. 365. 
Uraster violacea, Forbes, Brit. Starf. (1840) p. 91; Thompson, Nat. 
Hist, Irel. iv. (1856) p. 459. 
(?) Asterias helgolandica, Ehrenberg, Phys. Abhand. Ak. Berl. 1835 
(1837), p. 212. 
hf 7 to kh = 47, 
Arms generally five, rather stout, rounded, tapering very 
gradually, but not very narrow even at tip*, sometimes quite 
broad there. Dorsal surface covered with spines, subequal, 
generally of moderate size, closely packed, moderately numerous or 
sparse, in form they are pointed or more or less or quite blunt at 
their tips; a single, often more prominent row, which is either 
nearly straight or slightly zigzag, and then appearing at times to be 
double, runs along the middle of the back of each arm. Ambulacra 
wide, bordered by two rows of spines, the inner the thinner. A 
rather well-marked groove separates the outer adambulacral row 
from the next, which, with another, form a pretty regular series 
along either side of the lower surface of each arm; the outer of 
these has groups of two or three spines set a little obliquely to 
the long axis of the arm. Further out there is a wider groove and 
at the infero-lateral edge of the arm there is an irregularly double 
row of spines, which are often the strongest and best developed of 
any on the body; sometimes, however, the ventral spines are as 
strong or stronger. Madreporite generally quite distinct, near the 
margin of the disk, rather coarsely striate. A circlet of minor 
pedicellariz at the base of the spines; major pedicellarie scat- 
tered over the arms, varying somewhat in the number to which 
they are developed. 
* Except in A. rubens var. attenuata. 
