152 ECHINOIDEA. 
g',f'. St. Leonards (August). R. [. Pocock, Esq. 
?,j. Lobster Patch, Poole, 53 fms., July F. J. B. Beckford, Esq. 
1889. 
k',U, S. England. B. B. Woodward, Esq. 
m'—s', Firth of Forth. 
t’. Zetland. R. McAndrew, Esq. 
©. Echinus esculentus. 
Kchinus esculentus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. (1758) p. 663; ad. Faun. 
Suec, ed, ii. (1761) p. 518, no. 2116; id. M. L. U. (1764) p. 705 ; ad. 
Syst. Nat. xii. (1766) p. 1102; Penn. Brit. Zool. (1777) iv. p. 57, 
pl. 384; zd. op. cit. (1812) iv. p. 137, pl. xxxvi.; Flem. Brit. An. 
(1828) p. 478; Desm. Syn. Ech. (1837) p. 278; Diib. § Kor, Vet.- 
Akad. Hdlg, 1844 (1846), p. 264; Ag. § Desor, Ann. Ser. Nat. 
vi. (1846) p. 565; Gray, Brit. Rad. (1848) p. 3; Liitk. Vid. Medd. 
1856, p. 72; ad. op. cit. 1871, p. 806; Sars, Norg. Ech. (1861) 
p. 93; Jarzynsky, Trans. Petersb. Soc. Nat. i. (1870) p. 319; Al. 
Ag. Rev. Ech. (1872) pp. 122, 491, pl. vii.a. fig. 7; Wyv. Thoms. 
Phil. Trans. clxiv. (1874) p. 744; Mob. § Biitsch. JB. Comm. Kiel, 
i. & iil. (1875) p. 149; Bell, J. L. S. xvii. (1883) p. 105; Herd- 
man, Liverp. M. B. C. i. (1886) p. 136; Scott, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist. 
i. (1892) p. 49. 
Spheerechinus esculentus, Duj. § Hup. Echin, (1862) p. 529; Perr. 
Ann. Sci, Nat. xii. (1870) p. 151. 
Kchinus sphera, O. F, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 235, no. 2845; 
Nilsson, Coll. Zool. Scan. (1817) p. 4; Forbes, Brit. Starf. (1841) 
p- 149; Ag. am Val. Anat. Echin. (1841) p. ii; Maitland, Faun. 
Belg. (1851) p. 938; Gosse, Tenby, (1856) p. 240, pls. xii. & xiii. ; 
Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. (1856) iv. p. 441; Stewart, Tr. L. S. 
xxv. (1866) pl. 1. fig. 2@; Romanes § Ewart, Phil. Trans. elxxii. 
(1881) p. 851 (general physiology) ; Geddes § Beddard, Tr. R. 
Soc. Ed. xxx. (1888) p. 385, pls. xix.—xxi. (pedicellariz). 
Kehinus globiformis, Lamk. An. s. Vert. iii. (1816) p. 44; de Bl. Dict. 
Sct. Nat. xxxvii. (1825) p. 79; Desm. Etud. (1837) p. 270. 
Kchinus subangulosus, de Bl. t.c. p. 78; Desm. t.c. p. 270, 
Nechinus pseudomelo, de Gi. t. c. p. 77; Desm. t.¢. p. 270. 
Kchinus aurantiacus, de Bl. t.c. p. 79; Desm. t. ¢. p. 272. 
Kchinus quinqueangulatus, de Bi. t.c. p. 79; Desm. t. c. p. 270. 
Hchinus violaceus, de Bi. t.c. p. 80; Desm. t.c, p. 272. 
Primary spines numerous, short, not sharply pointed; whitish or 
pinkish in colour, often violet at the tip or for their whole extent ; 
longest at the ambitus. So closely packed are they that the 
secondary spines are with difficulty detected; these are fine and 
short. Pedicellariw very numerous, of various sizes, but not so large 
as in 1, acutus. Spines not much shorter proportionately in old 
than young specimens, sometimes not at all so. 
Test of adult well rounded, often not flattened in any way, except 
of course on the oral surface, and there not abruptly, but some- 
times quite pentagonal, occasionally subconical, sometimes rather 
depressed; mouth of moderate size, apical area not large, madre- 
porite rather prominent. Large numbers of primary tubercles, 
which are larger at and below than above the ambitus. Apical area 
irregularly pentagonal ; periproct not large, all the radials generally, 
