STRONGYLOCENTROTUS. 157 
Toxopneustes dubeni, Dey. §& Hupé, Hist. Nat. Echin. (1862) p. 532. 
Toxopneustes carnosus, Al. Ag. Proc. A. N. S. Philad. (1853) 
p. 367. 
Toxopneustes pictus, Norm. Rep. Brit. Assoc, 1868 (1869), p. 314. 
Toxopneustes pallidus, G. O. Sars, Forh. Vid.-Selsk. Christ. 1871, 
p. 25. 
Toxopneustes droebachiensis, Zovén, Vet.-Akad. Hdlg. xi. no. 7 (1874) 
pl. xvii. 
Test never large. Primary spines rather short, numerous, rather 
sharp, white, brick-red, bright red, purple, yellowish green, or green 
throughout, or with the tip lighter or darker than the rest. Secondary 
spines numerous, not obscured by the primaries ; pedicellarice 
numerous. 
Test pentagonal in outline, rather depressed; pretty stout, with 
twenty prominent rows of primary tubercles, large peristome ; 
ealycinal area compact, prominent madreporite, moderate periproct. 
About fourteen plates in each interambulacral series, those at the 
ambitus twice as wide as deep, with asingle large primary tubercle 
occupying the middle of the plate ; on either side there is a smaller 
primary tubercle, and on the outer side there are sometimes two, 
one above the other; these are larger and more definitely arranged 
below and at than above the ambitus ; the rest of the plate is occupied 
by smaller miliary tubercles. The primaries of the ambulacral 
plates are somewhat smaller than those of the interambulacral, but 
the primary tubercle which occupies the middle of each plate is 
quite distinct ; between the two rows are afew miliaries, and in the 
midst of each are there is one small tubercle, occasionally there are 
two, and very rarely there are three. 
Distribution, Circumpolar, extending as far south as north coast 
of France, Massachusetts Bay, Vancouver’s Island, Sea of Okhotsk. 
0-640 fms. 
a, Shetland. Ki. Forbes, Esq. 
6. Sandwich Bay, Shetland. KE. M. Nelson, Esq. 
e, Cromarty Frith. Dr. A. Sutherland. 
d-x. Montrose. W. Duncan, Esq. 
2. Strongylocentrotus lividus. 
Echinus lividus, Zamk. An, s. Vert. iii. (1816) p. 50; de Bl. Dict. 
Sci. Nat. xxxvii. (1825) p.,88; Desmoulins, Syn. Ech. (1837) 
p-. 282; Forbes, Brit. Starf. (1841) p. 167 ; Valentin. Anat. Echin. 
(1841) p. 1; Cuvier (Masson’s ed.), pl. 11. figs. 2-4; J. Miiller, 
Abkh, Ak. Berl. 1850 (1852), p.49, with numerous figs. of larvee, as 
also in Metschnikoff, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. xiv. (1869) no. 8, pls. vii. 
& vili.; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel. iv. (1856) p. 441; Cailliaud, 
- Cat. Rad. Lowre Inf. (1865) p. 21; John, Arch. f. Nat. ly. (1889) 
pp. 299-801; Fewkes, Amer, Nat, xxiv. (1890) p. 1. 
Echinus lithophagus, Leach, Tilloch’s Phil. Mag. xxxix. (1812) 
p. 151; 7d. Mem. Wern. Soc. ii. (1818) p. 647. 
Hehinus sp., L. 7. Bennett, Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. (1827) p. 74. 
Kchinus (‘l'oxopneustes) lividus, 4g. § Des. Ann. Sci. Nat. vi. (1846) 
p- 867. 
