158 ECHINOIDFA. 
Toxopneustes lividus, Sars, Nyt Mag. x. (1859) p.52; Bronn, Ki. u. 
Ordn. ii (1859) p. 333, and numerous figs. : 
Euryechinus lividus, Verr. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. x. (1866) 
. 4d, 
Renn vulgaris, de Bl. Dict. Scr. Nat. xxxvil. (1825) p. 341; 
Desmoulins, Syn. Ech. (1837) p. 278; Gray, Cat. Brit. Rad. 
(1848) p. 4. 
Echinus purpureus, Risso, Eur, Mérid. v. (1846) p. 277. 
Toxopneustes concavus, dg. § Des. Ann. Sct. Nat. Vi. (1846) 
. 367. 
Toro pnetstss complanatus, Ag. & Des. bid. 
Strongylocentrotus lividus, A. Ag. Rev. Ech. (1872) p. 164, & (18738) 
p. 446; Gauthier, Compt. Rend. Ixxix. (1874) p. 402: Koehler, 
Ann. Mus. Marseille, i. 3. (1888) p. 123; Carus, Prod. Faun. Med. 
(1884) p. 99; Korschelt, Zool. Jahrb. iii. (anat.) (1889) p. 653 
(development) ; Barrots, Rev. Biol. i. (1888) p. 79. 
Distribution. Atlantic, from British Channel to Canaries; Brazil ; 
Mediterranean. 0-2 fms. 
a. Ilfracombe. 
b-f. Ireland. Earl of Enniskillen. 
g-). Ireland. 
k. Cork. J. Humphrey, Esq. 
l, Guernsey. R. L. Spencer, Esq. 
m, Jersey. 
3. SPHARECHINUS. 
KEchinus (pars), Lamk. An. s. Vert. iii. (1816) p. 38. 
Toxopneustes (pars), dg. § Des, Ann. Sct. Nat. vi. (1846) p. 367. 
Spheerechinus, Desor, Syn. Ech. foss. (1858) p. 134; A. Ag. Rev. Ech. 
(1872) pp. 159 & 451; Bell, P. Z. S.1881, p.480; Carus, Prod. Faun. 
Med. (1884) p. 100; Duncan, J. Linn. Soc, xxiii. (1889) p. 122. 
Closely allied to Strongylocentrotus, but distinguished by deeper 
gill-slits, several sets of ossicles on buccal membrane, and widely 
diverging free ends of radius in Lantern of Aristotle. 
1. Spherechinus granularis. (Plate XV. figs. 2 & 3.) 
Echinus granularis, Lamk. An. s. Vert. iii. (1816) p. 44. 
Kchinus (Toxopneustes) granularis, Ay. § Des. Ann. Sct. Nat. vi. 
(1846) p. 367. 
Spherechinus granularis, 4. Ag. Bull. M. C. Z. i. (1863) p. 23; 
Liitk. Vid, Medd. 1863 (1864), p. 143; Fischer, Actes Soc. Linn. 
Bordeaux, xxvii. (1869) p. 868; A. Ag, Rev. Ech, (1872) p. 159, & 
(1875) p. 452; Ludwig, Mitth. zool. Stat. Neap. i. (1879) p. 557; 
Koehler, Ann. Mus. Marseille, 1. 3. (1883) p. 125; Carus, Prod. 
Faun. Mediter. (1884) p. 100; Barrois, Rev. Biol. i. (1889) 
p- LOY. 
Kchinus brevispinosus, Risso, Eur. Mérid. vy. (1826) p. 277. 
Echinus (Toxopneustes) brevispinosus. Ag. § Des. Ann. Sct. Nat. vi. 
(1846) p. 367; Sars, Nyt Mag. x. (1859) p. 56. 
Toxopneustes brevispinosus, Bronn, Kl. u. Ordn. ii. (1860) p. 337; 
Dohrn, Zeits. f. wiss, Zool. xxxv. (1875) p. 471 [mode of feeding 
= 
ol: 
