SPATANGUS. 165 
S. raschi comes from deeper water, and has the labrum more pointed 
and convex. 
1. Spatangus purpureus. (Plate XVI. fig. 10.) 
Spatagus purpureus, O. F. Mill. Prod. Zool. Dan. (1776) p. 236; 
td. Zool. Dan. (1788) i. p. 5, pl. vi. 
Spatangus purpureus, Leske, Addit. (1778) p. 171, pl. xliii. figs. 3-5, & 
pl. xlv. fig. 5; Lamk. An. s. Vert. iii. (1816) p. 29; Gray, Ann. Phil. 
xxvi. (1825) p. 480; Flem. Mem. Wern. Soc. v. (1825) p. 288; zd. 
Brit. An. (1828) p.480; Desml. Syn. Ech. (1837) p. 888 ; Edwards 
wn Cur. Regne An. (n. d.) xx. pl. 11 bis (anatomy), & pl. 17; 
Forbes, Brit. Starf. (1841) p. 182; Dib. § Kor, Vet.-Akad. Hdlg. 
1844 (1846), p. 285; Phil. Arch. f. Nat. 1845, p. 350; Martins, Ann. 
Sei. Nat. v. (1846) p. 157 (temperature); Ag. § Des. Ann. Sci. Nat. 
vill. (1847) p. 6; Gray, Brit. Rad. (1848) p. 6; Maitland, Faun. 
Belg. (1851) p. 91; Gray, Cat. Ech. (1855) p. 47 ; Thompson, Nat. 
Hist. Irel. iv. (1856) p. 441; Bronn, Klass. uw. Ordn. ii. (1860) 
pl. xl. figs. 21-23 (larve); Sars, Norg. Ech. (1861) p. 99; Perr. 
Amn. Set. Nat. xiii. (1870) p. 73; Al. Ag. Rev, Ech, (1872) p. 158, 
& (1878) p. 564; Mobius § Biitschi, JB. Comm. Kiel, ii. & iii. 
(1875) p. 150; Ludwig, Mitth. zool. Stat. Neap. i. (1879) p. 560; 
Koehler, Ann. Mus. Marseille, i. 3. (1885) p. 127; Carus, Prod. 
Faun. Mediter. (1884) p. 102; Prouho, C. R. cii. (1886) p. 1498 ; 
Bell, Ann. § Mag. iv. (1889) p. 442. 
Echinus lacunosus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. (1777) p. 59. 
Echinus purpureus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1789) p. 38197; Penn, Brit. 
Zool. iv. (1812) p. 139. 
Spatangus meridionalis, Risso, Eur. Mérid, (1825) p. 280; Phil. Arch. 
J. Nat. 1845, p. 850; Ag. § Des. Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. (1847) p. 6 ; 
Sars, Nyt Mag. x. (1859) p. 62; Norman, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1868 
(1869), p. 315; Jeffreys, Ann. § Mag. vy. (1870) p. 146; Gray, 
Ann. § Mag. x. (1872) p. 1238. 
Spatangus spinosissimus, dg. §- Des. Ann. Sct. Nat. viii. (1847) p. 6; 
Gray, Cat. Rec. Ech. 1855, p. 47. 
Spatangus regine, Gray, Ann. § Mag. vii. (1851) p. 180; td. Cat. 
Ree. Ech. (1855) p. 47. 
Test more or less broadly heart-shaped, more or less flattened, 
with rather tumid ambitus, broad spout-shaped lower lip. The 
primary spines on the dorsal surface light-coloured, curved, very 
long ; proportionately longer in younger specimens. General colour 
purplish. 
In addition to the large, curved, prominent, backwardly directed 
spines articulated to the primary tubercles found on the dorsal 
surface there are a number of other spines; the longest of these 
are found below the ambitus; those on the ventral plastron are of 
varying lengths, and the longer are spoon-shaped at their free ends ; 
two tufts of longish spines on either side of the plastron below the 
anus; the upper surface is densely covered with short, rather fine, 
whitish spines; most are curved, and all are directed backwards ; 
some of the spines are sometimes purplish. 
The variations in the colour and character of the spines are very 
considerable. ‘Thus the large spines may be very prominent both 
