286 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
my judgment the name Astrogoniwm, Miiller and Troschel, 1842, has, for the reasons 
above stated, a ten years’ priority, irrespective altogether of usage, which ought not to 
be set aside in favour of Stephanaster, and it is therefore to this group only, in my opinion, 
that the name Astrogoniwm can logically be applied. 
The small series of species which have now to be considered are readily distinguished 
by certain structural characters from all the other Pentagonasteride. I propose to group 
them together under the generic name of Gnathaster, and define the genus by the following 
characters :— 
(1.) Plates of the abactinal area more or less truly paxilliform. 
(2.) Tegumentary developments more or less spiniform. 
(3.) Mouth-plates with a prominent keel developed into an elongate spiniform process. 
(4.) An odd interradial marginal plate present in most, if not in all, cases, 
In this genus I include the species previously described under the following names :— 
Goniodiscus singularis, Miller and Troschel. Pentagonaster dilatatus, Perrier. 
Astrogonium miliare, Gray. Astrogonium meridionale, Smith. 
Astrogonium paxillosum, Gray. Calliderma grayi, Bell. 
To these are added two new species discovered by the Challenger. 
Chorology of the Genus Gnathaster. 
a. Geographical distribution :— 
Arzantic: Three species between the parallels of 50° and 60° S. 
*Gnathaster pilulatus, near the Atlantic entrance to the Strait of 
Magellan. Gnathaster grayi and Gnathaster paaillosus, at Sandy 
Point in the Strait of Magellan. The latter species is also found in 
the Eastern Archipelago off the coast of North Australia. 
Pactric: Three species between the parallels of 30° and 55° S. 
Gnathaster singularis, off the west coast of South America. 
Gnathaster miliaris and Gnathaster dilatatus, off New Zealand. 
HasteRN ARCHIPELAGO: One species between the parallels of 5° and 15° S$. 
Gnathaster paxillosus, from Port Essington, off North Australia. 
This species also occurs in the Strait of Magellan (fide Bell’). 
SourHerN Ocean: Two species between the parallels of 40° and 60° 8. 
*Gnathaster meridionalis and *Gnathaster elongatus, off Marion 
Island, Kerguelen Island, and Heard Island. 
The species collected by the Challenger are indicated in the foregoing list by an 
asterisk. 
1 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 97. 
