I 111'. I'lill I'S mi i;1 MN'OSI'F.KMS 



441 



is an aril. In Podocarpu*. als, i, is developed a peculiar structure (if the same 

 kind. 



In Cycads the seeds are borne upon carpels arranged in cones, and have a 

 woody integument. In some cases they correspond in position to metamorphosed 

 lobes of a carpel (cf. fig. 20s 7 . p. 7 u and have the miter layer of their integument 

 developed as a succulent coat. In the Gnetacese, the seed at maturity is inclosed 



-, 



Fig. 335 —Fruit and Seed of Conif era;. 



• Cone of the Silver Fir (Abies peelinala). "- Bract scale and ovuliferoua scale of the same seen from the outside (the hract 



• ] 1 3 Ovuliferous scale of same seen from ahove, showing the two winged Beeds, ami the bract Bcale behind 



• Longitudinal section of bract and ovuliferous scales, showing a • > 'I m-erted upon the laid t. ■'■ A winged »tJ of the 



Longitudinal section of the seed. ' Ovuliferous scale of the Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) seen from above; it 



bean fcwo orales. 8 single ovuliferous scale of Larch (Lariz europcea) Bhowiug two ovulee on its Burface and bract scale 



(with bnstk) below it. * Longitudinal section of the ovuliferoua scale of the Larch. 1 nat. size ; the other figs, enlarged. 



in a fleshy "perianth" in Ephedra; in Welwitschia conedike collective fruits are 

 produced; finally, in Gnetum leaf-structures around the seed unite to form cup- 

 like receptacles for the seeds. 



From the brief observations on the manner of fructification of Gymnosperms, it 

 will be seen that their methods are verj 7 various, and that, in all cases, tiny differ 

 from those of Angiosperma They agree in the common object of producing a 



