Flowers and Insects 
Signs, ABBREVIATIONS, Evc. 
ab = abundant; e=collecting pollen; ef = collecting and feeding 
on pollen; esp = collecting stray pollen; cult = cultivated; expl = ex- 
ploratory visit; f=feeding on pollen; fq=frequent; fsp = feeding 
on stray pollen; gn= gnawing; in cop=in copula; int = introduced, 
not indigenous; lp = labial palps; Ma=non-social long-tongued bee 
flower; Mas = social long-tongued bee flower; Mi=non-social short- 
tongued bee flower; Mis=social short-tongued bee flower; mp = 
maxillary palps; n=non-pollinating; O=ornithophilous; ol =oli- 
golege; Pol=polytropic; pred =predaceous; R=red and all dark 
colors; S=sphingophilous; se =sucking nectar and collecting pol- 
len; sf=sucking nectar and feeding on pollen; W =white; Y = yel- 
low, greenish to orange; ¢'= male; 2 = female; $= worker. 
When no other indications are used after a name, the insect is 
counted as sucking nectar legitimately and effecting pollination. 
Dates connected by a dash after ‘‘visitors observed’’ do not indicate 
the number of days, but only the period within which the observa- 
tions were made. Signs in parentheses after a group name mean 
that the signs belong to each one of the insects mentioned in the 
group. For example, ‘‘Halict. (?, ¢)’’ means that all of the fol- 
lowing Halictidae are females and all collecting pollen. 
After family names the ending ‘‘idae’’ is not repeated, as 
Halict. for Halictidae. When only one species of a genus was ob- 
served, the specific name is not repeated in the lists. Thus Apis = 
Apis mellifera 9. This avoids repeating mellifera 216 times. 
Four hundred and forty-four genera have only one species each, 
which it is not necessary to repeat. 
The plant mames used are those of the 7th edition of Gray’s 
Manual of Botany, 1908. 
Numbers in parentheses, for example (12: 459), refer to the 
titles and pages in the bibliography, or to species and individuals. 
GENERAL SYNONYMICAL List 
The following is a list of all the insects taken on flowers. It 
contains authors’ names which are given here once for all and are 
not repeated in the special lists. 
Names which occur often enough to justify it are abbreviated 
as follows:—Al.= Aldrich, Ash.= Ashmead, B. B.=Brauer and 
Bergenstamm, B. L.=Boisduval and Leconte, Br. =Brulle, Bs. = 
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